The change to the character of the Army has endured.
Background
The
Second Boer War of 1899-1902 exposed weakness and inefficiency in the British Army and demonstrated how isolated Britain was from the rest of the world. The war had been won only by leaving Britain defenceless on land. In 1900,
Imperial Germany began to build a battlefleet and industrial growth had already made it challenge Britain's economic lead in
Europe.
The
Elgin Commission had already advocated some changes in administration. Under
Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster at the
War Office the Report of the War Office (Reconstitution) Committee was set up to look into reform of the Army. It was chaired by Lord Esher, who had been a member of the Elgin Commission, and had two other members; Admiral Sir
John Fisher (the naval
Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, and a former
Controller of the Navy and
Second Sea Lord), and Colonel Sir
George Clarke. The Esher Report was published, successively, in February and March 1904.
Conclusions
The Committee took evidence in private and its Report was in three parts. It analysed the complex arrangements and inefficiencies of the Army administration and made three main recommendations:
an
Army Council modelled on the
Board of Admiralty. It was designed as a single collective body to analyse and decide upon issues connected to policy and so end the confusion of the responsibilities of the
Secretary of State for War, the
Adjutant-General and the
Quartermaster General. The War Secretary was to have the same power as the
First Lord of the Admiralty and all military topics submitted to
the Crown would go through him. That would increase civil and parliamentary control over the Army. Also recommended was that the Council would be made up of seven members. These were to be the Secretary of State for War, the First Military Member (with responsibility for
operations and military policy), the Second Military Member (with responsibility for
recruitment and
discipline), the Third Military Member (with responsibility for
supply and
transport), the Fourth Military Member (with responsibility for
armaments and
fortifications), a Civil Member (who would be the
Parliamentary Under-Secretary with responsibility for civil business other than finance) and another Civil Member (the
Financial Secretary). It was recommended that this Council should meet frequently and decide matters by majority vote.
a
General Staff with its
Chief having the responsibility for preparing the Army for war. The post of
Commander-in-Chief of the Forces was to be abolished. The duties of the General Staff were to be shared by a Director of Military Operations, a Director of Staff Duties and a Director of Military Training.
That rationalisation was recommended by the Report to be implemented throughout the Army. The Report also claimed that policy and administration had become too centralised in the War Office, to the detriment of initiative. Administrative districts[1] were recommended to be responsible for organisation to leave
commanders of field units free to train for war.
Publication
King
Edward VII welcomed the Report and successfully urged the
Arthur James Balfour's government to accept its recommendations. However, some in the Army were wary of its recommendations, one opponent being
Lord Kitchener.
Richard Haldane, who became War Secretary for
Henry Campbell-Bannerman's government in 1905, implemented many of its recommendations between 1906 and 1909. Among his advisers was General Sir
Gerard Ellison, who was also Secretary of the Esher Committee.
The recommendations were to form the basis of Army reform for the next 60 years. The military historian
Correlli Barnett wrote that the Esher Report's importance "and its consequences can hardly be exaggerated.... Without the Esher Report... it is inconceivable that the mammoth British military efforts of two world wars could have been possible, let alone so generally successful."[2]