In
Greek mythology, the Erymanthian boar (
Greek: ὁ Ἐρυμάνθιος κάπρος;
Latin: aper Erymanthius) was a mythical creature that took the form of a "shaggy and wild"[1] "tameless"[2] "boar"[3] "of vast weight"[4] "and foaming jaws".[2] It was a
Tegeaean,[4]Maenalusian[1] or
Erymanthian[3] boar that lived in the "glens of
Lampeia"[5] beside the "vast marsh of Erymanthus".[5] It would sally[6] from the "thick-wooded",[1] "cypress-bearing"[4] "heights of Erymanthus"[1] to "harry the groves of
Arcady"[1] and "abuse the land of
Psophis".[6]
Mythology
The fourth
labour of Heracles was to bring the Erymanthian boar alive to
Eurystheus in
Mycenae.[5] To capture the boar, Heracles first "chased the boar with shouts"[6] and thereby routed it from a "certain thicket"[6] and then "drove the exhausted animal into deep snow."[6] He then "trapped it",[6] bound it in chains,[5] and lifted it, still "breathing from the dust",[7] and returning with the boar on "his left shoulder",[7] "staining his back with blood from the stricken wound",[7] he cast it down in the "entrance to the assembly of the Mycenaeans",[5] thus completing his fourth labour. "When the king [Eurystheus] saw him carrying the boar on his shoulders, he was terrified and hid himself in a bronze vessel."[8]
"The inhabitants of
Cumae, in the land of the
Opici, profess that the boar's tusks which are preserved in the sanctuary of
Apollo at Cumae are the tusks of the Erymanthian boar, but the assertion is without a shred of probability."[9]
In the primitive highlands of
Arcadia, where old practices lingered, the Erymanthian boar was a giant fear-inspiring creature of the wilds that lived on
Mount Erymanthos, a mountain that was apparently once sacred to the
Mistress of the Animals, for in classical times it remained the haunt of
Artemis (
Homer, Odyssey, VI.105). A boar was a dangerous animal: "When the goddess turned a wrathful countenance upon a country, as in the story of
Meleager, she would send a raging boar, which laid waste the farmers' fields."[10]
Cultural depictions
Chronological listing of classical literature sources for the Erymanthian boar:
^
abcde"Hercules Furens 228 ff.". Seneca's Tragedies. Vol. 1. Translated by Miller, Frank Justus. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. R Putnam's Sons. 1917. p. 21. ark:/13960/t71v5s15x.
^
ab"The Fall of Troy, Book VI. 220 ff.". Quintus Smyrnaeus The Fall Of Troy. Translated by Way, A. S. London; Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ltd; Harvard University Press. 1984 [1913]. p. 271. ark:/13960/t2m61f62d.
^
ab"Trachiniai. 1097". Sophocles The Plays and Fragments. Vol. 5 The Trachiniae. Translated by Jebb, R. C. Cambridge: The University Press. 1892. p. 159. ark:/13960/t6tx3f955.
^
abc"The Heroides 9. 87 ff". Ovid Heroides And Amores. Translated by Showerman, Grant. London; New York: William Heinemann; The Macmillan Co. 1914. p. 115. ark:/13960/t76t0t11q.
^
abcde"The Argonautica. Book 1 67-111". "The Argonautica" of Apollonius Rhodius. Translated by Coleridge, Edward P. London: George Bell And Sons, York Street, Covent Garden. 1889. p. 8. ark:/13960/t03x8577n.
^
abcdef"The Library 2. 5. 3-4". Apollodorus the Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Frazer, Sir James George. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1921. pp. 191 with the Scholiast. ark:/13960/t00012x9f.
^
abc"Thebaid, VIII. 731-760. 746 ff.". Statius. Vol. 2. Translated by Mozley, J. H. London ; New York: William Heinemann Ltd.; G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1928. p. 249. ark:/13960/t19k4m13k.
^"Book 4. 12. 1-2". Diodorus of Sicily. Vol. 2. Translated by Oldfather, C. H. London; Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ltd; Harvard University Press. 1967 [1935]. p. 381. ark:/13960/t7qn6bw6r.
^"Bk. VIII. Arcadia 24. 5-6". Pausanias's Description of Greece. Translated by Frazer, J. G. London; New York: Macmillan and Co. Limited; The Macmillan Company. 1898. p. 402. ark:/13960/t5t72bt15.