1763 taxonomic work by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
Frontispiece of Entomologia Carniolica
Entomologia Carniolica exhibens insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates is a
taxonomic work by
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli , published in
Vienna in 1763. As well as describing hundreds of new species, Entomologia Carniolica contained observations on the species' biology, including the first published account of
queen bees mating outside the
hive .
[1]
Classification
In contrast to his predecessors
Carl Linnaeus and
Johan Christian Fabricius , who had used the structure of the
insect wing and the structure of the
insect mouthparts , respectively, as the main means of classifying arthropods, Scopoli favoured a more holistic approach.
[2]
In Entomologia Carniolica , Scopoli described 1153 species of "insects" (a term which at that time included many
arthropods ), divided into seven orders:
[3]
Coleoptera (
beetles and
orthopteroid insects) – species 1–329
Proboscidea (=
Hemiptera ) – species 330–418
Lepidoptera – species 419–676
Neuroptera – species 677–712
Aculeata (=
Hymenoptera ) – species 713–838
Halterata (=
Diptera ) – species 839–1024
Pedestria (various wingless animals, including
silverfish ,
fleas ,
mites ,
arachnids ,
crustaceans and
myriapods ) – species 1025–1153
Taxa
The animals described in Entomologia Carniolica were found in the
Duchy of Carniola (also called the Krain ), an area at that time under the control of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire .
[2] Nowadays, it is the western part of
Slovenia .
[4]
For each species, Scopoli gave references to previously published illustrations and binomial names. Few works using
binomial nomenclature had appeared by 1763; those cited by Scopoli include the
10th edition of
Systema Naturae (1758) and
Fauna Suecica (1761) by
Carl Linnaeus , and
Insecta Musei Graecensis (1761) by
Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus .
[3] More than half of the species listed by Scopoli in Entomologia Carniolica were
described as new . They include:
Oedemera nobilis , originally described as Cantharis nobilis
Emmelia trabealis , originally described as Phalaena trabealis
Camponotus vagus , originally described as Formica vaga
Bombus pascuorum , originally described as Apis pascuorum
Phaonia angelicae , originally described as Musca angelicae
Philoscia muscorum , originally described as Oniscus muscorum
15. Scarabæus eremita , now
Osmoderma eremita
65. Curculio piger , now
Cleonus piger
97. Curculio glaucus , now
Phyllobius glaucus
112. Attelabus lilii , now
Lilioceris lilii
124. Cantharis fulva , now
Rhagonycha fulva
146. Cantharis nobilis , now
Oedemera nobilis
199. Buprestis salicina , now
Smaragdina salicina
264.
Carabus catenulatus
408.
Aphis fabae
428. Papilio fagi , now
Hipparchia fagi
510. Phalaena fulminea , now
Catocala fulminea
525. Phalaena rubiginosa , now
Conistra rubiginosa
526. Phalaena clavipalpis , now
Paradrina clavipalpis
527. Phalaena deceptoria , now
Deltote deceptoria
532. Phalaena nebulata , now
Euchoeca nebulata
535. Phalaena fimbrialis , now
Thalera fimbrialis
537. Phalaena punctinalis , now
Hypomecis punctinalis
540. Phalaena lineata , now
Siona lineata
542. Phalaena exanthemata , now
Cabera exanthemata
545. Phalaena ornata , now
Scopula ornata
546. Phalaena sylvata , now
Abraxas sylvata
549. Phalaena glaucata , now
Cilix glaucata
551. Phalaena chlorosata , now
Petrophora chlorosata
561. Phalaena moeniata , now
Scotopteryx moeniata
565. Phalaena aurata , now
Pyrausta aurata
567. Phalaena ochrata , now
Idaea ochrata
571. Phalaena alpinata , now
Glacies alpinata
572. Phalaena murinata , now
Minoa murinata
575. Phalaena laevigata , now
Idaea laevigata
576. Phalaena inquinata , now
Idaea inquinata
577. Phalaena tenebrata , now
Panemeria tenebrata
579. Phalaena despicata , now
Pyrausta despicata
580. Phalaena nigrata , now
Pyrausta nigrata
583. Phalaena podana , now
Archips podana
591. Phalaena rufana , now
Celypha rufana
595. Phalaena montana , now
Macrophya montana
599. Phalaena formosana , now
Enarmonia formosana
600. Phalaena rivulana , now
Celypha rivulana
607. Phalaena anthracinalis , now
Euplocamus anthracinalis
609. Phalaena citrinalis , now
Hypercallia citrinalis
610. Phalaena trabealis , now
Emmelia trabealis
612. Phalaena lunalis , now
Zanclognatha lunalis
614. Phalaena extimalis , now
Evergestis extimalis
615. Phalaena sericealis , now
Rivula sericealis
616. Phalaena ruralis , now
Pleuroptya ruralis
618. Phalaena nemoralis , now
Agrotera nemoralis
620. Phalaena perlella , now
Crambus perlella
627. Phalaena craterella , now
Chrysocrambus craterellus
628. Phalaena chrysonuchella , now
Thisanotia chrysonuchella
636. Phalaena palliatella , now
Eilema palliatella
638. Phalaena forficella , now
Harpella forficella
643. Phalaena mucronella , now
Ypsolopha mucronella
649. Phalaena rufimitrella , now
Cauchas rufimitrella
654. Phalaena scalella , now
Pseudotelphusa scalella
660. Phalaena aruncella , now
Micropterix aruncella
661. Phalaena alchimiella , now
Caloptilia alchimiella
662. Phalaena aureatella , now
Micropterix aureatella
673. Phalaena bipunctidactyla , now
Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla
734. Tenthredo ribesii , now
Nematus ribesii
819. Apis pascuorum , now
Bombus pascuorum
833. Formica vaga , now
Camponotus vagus
870. Musca maculata , now
Graphomya maculata
876. Musca tuguriorum , now
Phaonia tuguriorum
880. Musca angelicae , now
Phaonia angelicae
954. Conops pertinax , now
Eristalis pertinax
962. Conops cuprea , now
Ferdinandea cuprea
967. Conops aeneus , now
Eristalinus aeneus
1134. Oniscus muscorum , now
Philoscia muscorum
Publication
Entomologia Carniolica was published by
Johann Thomas von Trattner in Vienna in 1763.
[5] Forty-three plates of illustrations were prepared for publication, but were never offered for sale, and few copies of Entomologia Carniolica include the plates.
[2] They illustrate the species numbered 1–815, with the exception of the genus
Aphis (species 396–410).
[5]
Entomologia Carniolica was published long before the international standardisation of units; to help readers understand his measurements, Scopoli therefore included a printed scale of three
Parisian inches , each divided into twelve
lines . His inch was approximately 26.5 millimetres (1.04 in) long, making each line approximately 2.2 mm (0.087 in).
[2]
References
Further reading
D. B. Baker (1999). "The localities of I. A. Scopoli's Entomologia Carniolica (1763)".
Entomologist's Gazette . 50 : 188–189.
External links