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Sassanian-Gupta conflicts was a series of military conquests and campaigns between the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta and Chandragupta II and the Sassanian Empire under Shapur II in the 4th century.
Sasanian–Gupta Wars | |||||||
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Part of Samudragupta's conflicts with Sasanians and Vikramaditya's Foreign campaigns | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Gupta Empire • KushÄṇas |
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Samudragupta Chandragupta II KidÄra |
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Strength | |||||||
Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown | Unknown |
In the east around 350 CE, Shapur II gained the upper hand against the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom and took control of large territories in areas now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan, possibly as a consequence of the destruction of the Kushano-Sasanians by the Chionites. [2] The Kushano-Sasanian still ruled in the north. Important finds of Sasanian coinage beyond the Indus River in the city of Taxila only start with the reigns of Shapur II (r. 309–379) and Shapur III (r. 383–388), suggesting that the expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus was the result of the wars of Shapur II "with the Chionites and Kushans" from 350 to 358 CE as described by Ammianus Marcellinus. [3] During the last phase of the reign of Shapur II, a Sasanian mint was established south of the Hindu Kush, the role of which was probably to pay local troops. [4]
The Chionitai and Euseni/Cuseni ( Kushans or Guptas) were troubling Central Asia. It is suggested by Ilkka Syvänne that the Euseni were actually the Indian Guptas under their gifted leader Samudragupta whose career spanned the years of 325 to 375/381, during which he conquered most of India. The Saka satraps of Sindh, who were nominally under the Sasanians, and the Kushans also recognized his suzerainty, which means that he had conquered significant portions of Sasanian provinces in the east. It was therefore not all surprising that he received the title 'Sarva-rÄjo-chchhettÄ', 'exterminator of all Kings', and date his western and northern campaigns to the 350s. [6]
The Samudragupta was contemporary of the KushÄṇa KidÄra. KidÄra was originally a member of the Great KushÄṇa family. It was after him that his people later became known as the Little KushÄṇas. But he was merely a Shahi, he was not so powerful enough to use the title "ShÄhÄnushÄhi". His coins bore 'KidÄra KushÄṇa ShÄ' proved it. He can be easily identified with the 'DevaputrashÄhi' of the Allahabad inscription. [9]
The KushÄṇas acknowledged the supremacy of Samudragupta. [10]
Assuming that Kalidasa's account of Raghu's campaign of conquest has a real historical background and that Chandragupta Vikramaditya adopted a land route for conquering the Parasikas, he must have come close to the South-Eastern fringe of the Sassanian Empire, where according to Kali Dasa he defeated the Parasikas. Kalidasa's mention of the bearded heads of the Persian warriors suggests their identification with the Sassanians who bore beards. [11]