Culebra Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aquitanian- Burdigalian ( Late Arikareean- Hemingfordian) 23–19  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Formation
Sub-units	Emperador Limestone
Underlies	Cucaracha Formation
Overlies	Las Cascadas Formation
Thickness	> 250 m (820 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone, limestone, mudstone, shale
Other	Siltstone, conglomerate, lignite
Location
Coordinates	9°06′N 79°42′W / 9.1°N 79.7°W / 9.1; -79.7
Approximate paleocoordinates	8°24′N 77°30′W / 8.4°N 77.5°W / 8.4; -77.5
Region	Colón Province
Country	Panama
Extent	Panama Basin
Type section
Named for	Culebra Cut
Culebra Formation (Panama)

The Culebra Formation (Tcb) ^[1] is a geologic formation in Panama. It preserves fossils dating back to the Miocene period; Early Miocene epoch, Aquitanian to Burdigalian stages ( Late Arikareean to Hemingfordian in the NALMA classification). ^[2] Fossils of Culebrasuchus have been found in and named after the formation. ^[3] The thickness of the formation is at least 250 metres (820 ft) thick, ^[4] and the age has been estimated as from 23 to 19 Ma. ^[5]

• Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus ^{[3] [6]}
• Culebratherium alemani ^[7]
• Dentimides ^[8]
• Panamacebus transitus ^{[9] [10]}
• Paratoceras orarius ^[11]
• Purussaurus
• Podocnemididae indet. ^[12]

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama
• Cucaracha Formation
• Gatún Formation

• Cadena, E.; Bourque, J.R.; Rincón, A.F.; Bloch, J.I.; Jaramillo, C.A.; MacFadden, B.J. (2012), "New turtles (Chelonia) from the late Eocene through Late Miocene of the Panama Canal Basin", Journal of Paleontology, 86 (3): 539–557, Bibcode: 2012JPal...86..539C, doi: 10.1666/11-106.1, retrieved 2019-02-09
• Alexander K. Hastings; Jonathan I. Bloch; Carlos A. Jaramillo; Aldo F. Rincon; Bruce J. Macfadden (2013). "Systematics and biogeography of crocodylians from the Miocene of Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (2): 239–263. Bibcode: 2013JVPal..33..239H. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2012.713814. S2CID  83972694.
• Kirby, Michael Xavier; Jones, Douglas S.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (2008), "Lower Miocene Stratigraphy along the Panama Canal and Its Bearing on the Central American Peninsula", PLoS ONE, 3 (7): 1–14, Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.2791K, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002791, PMC  2464738, PMID  18665219
• Bernard Manuel Landau; Carlos Marques da Silva; Antoine Heitz (2016). "Systematics of the gastropods of the lower-middle Miocene Cantaure Formation, Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela" (PDF). Bulletins of American Paleontology. 389–390: 1–581. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2019-02-05.
• Aldo F. Rincon; Jonathan I. Bloch; Bruce J. Macfadden & Carlos A. Jaramillo (2015). "New early Miocene protoceratids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (5): e970688. Bibcode: 2015JVPal..35E0688R. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2015.970688. S2CID  12659384.
• Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017), "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data" (PDF), BioRxiv: 1–32, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Stewart, R.H.; Stewart, J.L.; Woodring, W.P. (1980), Geologic Map of the Panama Canal and Vicinity (PDF), USGS, p. 1, retrieved 2019-02-09
• Vélez Juarbe, Jorge; Wood, Aaron R. (2019), "An early Miocene dugongine (Sirenia: Dugongidae) from Panama", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1511799 (5): Online edition, doi: 10.1080/02724634.2018.1511799, retrieved 2019-02-22
• Woodring, W.P (1957), Geology and Paleontology of Canal Zone and Adjoining Parts of Panama - 306A Geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (Gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae) (PDF), USGS, pp. 1–186, retrieved 2019-02-09

• B. J. MacFadden, M. X. Kirby, A. Rincon, C. Montes, S. Moron, N. Strong, and C. Jaramillo. 2010. Extinct peccary "Cynorca" occidentale (Tayassuidae, Tayassuinae) from the Miocene of Panama and correlations to North America. Journal of Paleontology 84(2):288-298
• C. Pimiento, G. González Barba, A.J.W. Hendy, C. Jaramillo, B. J. MacFadden, C. Montes, S. C. Suarez and M. Shippritt. 2013. Early Miocene chondrichthyans from the Culebra Formation Panama A window into marine vertebrate faunas before closure the Central American Seaway. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 42:159-170