From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of cryptographers .
Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for
secure communication in the presence of third parties called
adversaries .
Pre twentieth century
Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi : wrote a (now lost) book on cryptography titled the "Book of Cryptographic Messages ".
Al-Kindi , 9th century
Arabic polymath and originator of
frequency analysis .
Athanasius Kircher , attempts to decipher crypted messages
Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , wrote a standard book on cryptography
Ibn Wahshiyya : published several cipher alphabets that were used to encrypt magic formulas.
[1]
John Dee , wrote an occult book, which in fact was a cover for crypted text
Ibn 'Adlan : 13th-century cryptographer who made important contributions on the sample size of the frequency analysis.
Duke of Mantua
Francesco I Gonzaga is the one who used the earliest example of homophonic
Substitution cipher in early 1400s.
[2]
[3]
Ibn al-Durayhim : gave detailed descriptions of eight cipher systems that discussed substitution ciphers, leading to the earliest suggestion of a "tableau" of the kind that two centuries later became known as the "Vigenère table".
Ahmad al-Qalqashandi : Author of Subh al-a 'sha , a fourteen volume encyclopedia in Arabic, which included a section on cryptology. The list of ciphers in this work included both substitution and transposition, and for the first time, a cipher with multiple substitutions for each plaintext letter.
Charles Babbage , UK, 19th century mathematician who, about the time of the
Crimean War , secretly developed an effective attack against
polyalphabetic substitution ciphers.
Leone Battista Alberti ,
polymath /universal
genius , inventor of
polyalphabetic substitution (more specifically, the
Alberti cipher ), and what may have been the first mechanical encryption aid.
Giovanni Battista della Porta , author of a seminal work on
cryptanalysis .
Étienne Bazeries , French, military, considered one of the greatest natural cryptanalysts. Best known for developing the "
Bazeries Cylinder " and his influential 1901 text Les Chiffres secrets dévoilés ("Secret ciphers unveiled").
Giovan Battista Bellaso , Italian cryptologist
Giovanni Fontana (engineer) , wrote two encrypted books
Hildegard of Bingen used her own alphabet to write letters.
Julius Caesar , Roman general/politician, has the
Caesar cipher named after him, and a
lost work on cryptography by Probus (probably Valerius Probus) is claimed to have covered his use of military cryptography in some detail. It is likely that he did not invent the cipher named after him, as other
substitution ciphers were in use well before his time.
Friedrich Kasiski , author of the first published attack on the
Vigenère cipher , now known as the
Kasiski test .
Auguste Kerckhoffs , known for contributing cipher design principles.
Edgar Allan Poe , author of the book, A Few Words on Secret Writing , an essay on cryptanalysis, and
The Gold Bug , a short story featuring the use of letter frequencies in the solution of a cryptogram.
Johannes Trithemius , mystic and first to describe tableaux (tables) for use in
polyalphabetic substitution . Wrote an early work on
steganography and cryptography generally.
Philips van Marnix, lord of Sint-Aldegonde , deciphered Spanish messages for
William the Silent during the Dutch revolt against the Spanish.
John Wallis codebreaker for Cromwell and Charles II
Sir Charles Wheatstone , inventor of the so-called
Playfair cipher and general polymath.
World War I and World War II wartime cryptographers
Richard J. Hayes (1902–1976) Irish code breaker in World War II.
Jean Argles (1925–2023), British code breaker in World War II
Arne Beurling (1905–1986), Swedish mathematician and cryptographer.
Lambros D. Callimahos , US,
NSA , worked with William F. Friedman, taught NSA cryptanalysts.
Ann Z. Caracristi , US,
SIS , solved Japanese Army codes in World War II, later became deputy director of
National Security Agency .
Alec Naylor Dakin , UK,
Hut 4 ,
Bletchley park during World War II.
Ludomir Danilewicz ,
Poland ,
Biuro Szyfrow , helped to construct the Enigma machine copies to break the ciphers.
Patricia Davies (born 1923), British code breaker in World War II
Alastair Denniston , UK, director of
GC&CS at
Bletchley Park from 1919 to 1942.
Agnes Meyer Driscoll , US, broke several Japanese ciphers.
Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein , US,
SIS , noticed the pattern that led to breaking
Purple .
Elizebeth Smith Friedman , US,
Coast Guard and
US Treasury Department cryptographer, co-invented modern cryptography.
[4]
William F. Friedman , US,
SIS , introduced statistical methods into
cryptography .
Cecilia Elspeth Giles , UK,
Bletchley Park
Jack Good UK,
GC&CS ,
Bletchley Park worked with
Alan Turing on the statistical approach to cryptanalysis.
Nigel de Grey , UK,
Room 40 , played an important role in the decryption of the
Zimmermann Telegram during World War I.
Dillwyn Knox , UK,
Room 40 and
GC&CS , broke commercial
Enigma cipher as used by the
Abwehr (German military intelligence).
Solomon Kullback US,
SIS , helped break the Japanese
Red cipher , later Chief Scientist at the
National Security Agency .
Frank W. Lewis US, worked with William F. Friedman, puzzle master
William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell , U.S.
National Security Agency cryptologists who defected to the Soviet Union in 1960
Leo Marks UK,
SOE cryptography director, author and playwright.
Donald Michie UK,
GC&CS ,
Bletchley Park worked on
Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher and the
Colossus computer .
Consuelo Milner , US, crytopgraher for the
Naval Applied Science Lab
Max Newman , UK,
GC&CS ,
Bletchley Park headed the section that developed the
Colossus computer for
Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher .
Georges Painvin French, broke the
ADFGVX cipher during the
First World War .
Marian Rejewski ,
Poland ,
Biuro Szyfrów , a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who, in 1932, solved the
Enigma machine with plugboard, the main cipher device then in use by Germany. The first to break the cipher in history.
John Joseph Rochefort US, made major contributions to the break into
JN-25 after the
attack on Pearl Harbor .
Leo Rosen US,
SIS , deduced that the
Japanese Purple machine was built with stepping switches.
Frank Rowlett US,
SIS , leader of the team that broke
Purple .
Jerzy Różycki ,
Poland ,
Biuro Szyfrów , helped break German
Enigma ciphers.
Luigi Sacco , Italy, Italian General and author of the Manual of Cryptography .
Laurance Safford US, chief cryptographer for the US Navy for 2 decades+, including World War II.
Abraham Sinkov US,
SIS .
John Tiltman UK, Brigadier,
Room 40 ,
GC&CS ,
Bletchley Park ,
GCHQ ,
NSA . Extraordinary length and range of cryptographic service
Alan Mathison Turing UK,
GC&CS ,
Bletchley Park where he was chief cryptographer, inventor of the
Bombe that was used in decrypting
Enigma , mathematician, logician, and renowned pioneer of
Computer Science .
William Thomas Tutte UK,
GC&CS ,
Bletchley Park , with
John Tiltman , broke Lorenz SZ 40/42 encryption machine (codenamed Tunny) leading to the development of the
Colossus computer .
Betty Webb (code breaker) , British codebreaker during World War II
William Stone Weedon , US,
Gordon Welchman UK,
GC&CS ,
Bletchley Park where he was head of Hut Six (German Army and Air Force
Enigma
cipher .
decryption ), made an important contribution to the design of the
Bombe .
Herbert Yardley US,
MI8 (US) , author "The American Black Chamber", worked in China as a cryptographer and briefly in Canada.
Henryk Zygalski ,
Poland ,
Biuro Szyfrów , inventor of Zygalski sheets, broke German
Enigma ciphers pre-1939.
Karl Stein German, Head of the Division IVa (security of own processes) at
Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht . Discoverer of
Stein manifold .
Gisbert Hasenjaeger German, Tester of the Enigma. Discovered new proof of the
completeness theorem of
Kurt Gödel for
predicate logic .
Heinrich Scholz German, Worked in Division IVa at
OKW . Logician and pen friend of Alan Turning.
Gottfried Köthe German, Cryptanalyst at OKW. Mathematician created theory of
topological vector spaces .
Ernst Witt German, Mathematician at OKW.
Mathematical Discoveries Named After Ernst Witt .
Helmut Grunsky German, worked in
complex analysis and
geometric function theory . He introduced
Grunsky's theorem and the
Grunsky inequalities .
Georg Hamel .
Oswald Teichmüller German, Temporarily employed at OKW as cryptanalyst. Introduced
quasiconformal mappings and
differential geometric methods into
complex analysis . Described by
Friedrich L. Bauer as an extreme Nazi and a true genius.
Hans Rohrbach German, Mathematician at AA/Pers Z, the German department of state, civilian diplomatic cryptological agency.
Wolfgang Franz German, Mathematician who worked at OKW. Later significant discoveries in
Topology .
Werner Weber German, Mathematician at OKW.
Georg Aumann German, Mathematician at OKW. His doctoral student was
Friedrich L. Bauer .
Otto Leiberich German, Mathematician who worked as a linguist at the
Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht .
Alexander Aigner German, Mathematician who worked at OKW.
Erich Hüttenhain German, Chief cryptanalyst of and led Chi IV (section 4) of the
Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht . A German mathematician and cryptanalyst who tested a number of German cipher machines and found them to be breakable.
Wilhelm Fenner German, Chief Cryptologist and Director of
Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht .
Walther Fricke German, Worked alongside Dr Erich Hüttenhain at
Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht . Mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and linguist.
Fritz Menzer German. Inventor of SG39 and SG41.
Other pre-computer
Modern
See also:
Category:Modern cryptographers for a more exhaustive list.
Symmetric-key algorithm inventors
Ross Anderson , UK,
University of Cambridge , co-inventor of the
Serpent cipher.
Paulo S. L. M. Barreto , Brazilian,
University of São Paulo , co-inventor of the
Whirlpool hash function .
George Blakley , US, independent inventor of
secret sharing .
Eli Biham , Israel, co-inventor of the
Serpent cipher.
Don Coppersmith , co-inventor of
DES and
MARS ciphers.
Joan Daemen , Belgian, co-developer of
Rijndael which became the
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and
Keccak which became
SHA-3 .
Horst Feistel , German,
IBM , namesake of
Feistel networks and
Lucifer cipher.
Lars Knudsen ,
Denmark , co-inventor of the
Serpent cipher.
Ralph Merkle , US, inventor of
Merkle trees .
Bart Preneel , Belgian, co-inventor of
RIPEMD-160 .
Vincent Rijmen , Belgian, co-developer of
Rijndael which became the
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
Ronald L. Rivest , US,
MIT , inventor of
RC cipher series and
MD algorithm series .
Bruce Schneier , US, inventor of
Blowfish and co-inventor of
Twofish and
Threefish .
Xuejia Lai , CH, co-inventor of
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA).
Adi Shamir , Israel,
Weizmann Institute , inventor of
secret sharing .
Asymmetric-key algorithm inventors
Whitfield Diffie ,
Martin Hellman ,
Ronald Rivest , and
Adi Shamir at
RSA 2008
Leonard Adleman , US,
USC , the 'A' in
RSA .
David Chaum , US, inventor of
blind signatures .
Clifford Cocks , UK
GCHQ first inventor of
RSA , a fact that remained secret until 1997 and so was unknown to
Rivest ,
Shamir , and
Adleman .
Whitfield Diffie , US, (public) co-inventor of the
Diffie-Hellman key-exchange protocol.
Taher Elgamal , US (born Egyptian), inventor of the
Elgamal discrete log cryptosystem .
Shafi Goldwasser , US and Israel,
MIT and
Weizmann Institute , co-discoverer of
zero-knowledge proofs , and of
Semantic security .
Martin Hellman , US, (public) co-inventor of the
Diffie-Hellman key-exchange protocol.
Neal Koblitz , independent co-creator of
elliptic curve cryptography .
Alfred Menezes , co-inventor of
MQV , an
elliptic curve technique.
Silvio Micali , US (born Italian),
MIT , co-discoverer of
zero-knowledge proofs , and of
Semantic security .
Victor Miller , independent co-creator of
elliptic curve cryptography .
David Naccache , inventor of the
Naccache–Stern cryptosystem and of the
Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem .
Moni Naor , co-inventor the Naor–Yung encryption paradigm for
CCA security .
Rafail Ostrovsky , co-inventor of
Oblivious RAM , of single-server
Private Information Retrieval , and
proactive cryptosystems .
Pascal Paillier , inventor of
Paillier encryption .
Michael O. Rabin , Israel, inventor of
Rabin encryption .
Ronald L. Rivest , US,
MIT , the 'R' in
RSA .
Adi Shamir , Israel,
Weizmann Institute , the 'S' in
RSA .
Moti Yung , co-inventor of the Naor–Yung encryption paradigm for
CCA security , of
threshold cryptosystems , and
proactive cryptosystems .
Cryptanalysts
Joan Clarke , English cryptanalyst and numismatist best known for her work as a code-breaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War.
Ross Anderson , UK.
Eli Biham , Israel, co-discoverer of
differential cryptanalysis and
Related-key attack .
Matt Blaze , US.
Dan Boneh , US,
Stanford University .
Niels Ferguson , Netherlands, co-inventor of Twofish and Fortuna.
Ian Goldberg , Canada,
University of Waterloo .
Lars Knudsen , Denmark,
DTU , discovered
integral cryptanalysis .
Paul Kocher , US, discovered
differential power analysis .
Mitsuru Matsui , Japan, discoverer of
linear cryptanalysis .
David Wagner , US,
UC Berkeley , co-discoverer of the
slide and
boomerang attacks .
Xiaoyun Wang , the People's Republic of China, known for
MD5 and
SHA-1
hash function attacks.
Alex Biryukov ,
University of Luxembourg , known for
impossible differential cryptanalysis and
slide attack .
Moti Yung ,
Kleptography .
Algorithmic number theorists
Theoreticians
Mihir Bellare , US,
UCSD , co-proposer of the
Random oracle model.
Dan Boneh , US,
Stanford .
Gilles Brassard , Canada,
Université de Montréal . Co-inventor of
quantum cryptography .
Claude Crépeau , Canada,
McGill University .
Oded Goldreich , Israel,
Weizmann Institute , author of
Foundations of Cryptography .
Shafi Goldwasser , US and Israel.
Silvio Micali , US,
MIT .
Rafail Ostrovsky , US,
UCLA .
Charles Rackoff , co-discoverer of
zero-knowledge proofs .
Oded Regev , inventor of
learning with errors .
Phillip Rogaway , US,
UC Davis , co-proposer of the
Random oracle model.
Amit Sahai , US,
UCLA .
Gustavus Simmons , US,
Sandia ,
authentication theory.
Moti Yung , US, Google.
Government cryptographers
Clifford Cocks , UK,
GCHQ , secret inventor of the algorithm later known as
RSA .
James H. Ellis , UK,
GCHQ , secretly proved the possibility of asymmetric encryption.
Lowell Frazer , US,
National Security Agency
Laura Holmes , US,
National Security Agency
Julia Wetzel , US,
National Security Agency
Malcolm Williamson , UK,
GCHQ , secret inventor of the protocol later known as the
Diffie–Hellman key exchange .
Cryptographer businesspeople
See also
References
External links