Cordia Dichotoma

Cordia dichotoma
	Leaves in Hyderabad, India
Conservation status
	; Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Boraginales
Family:	Boraginaceae
Genus:	Cordia
Species:	C. dichotoma
Binomial name
	Cordia dichotoma; G.Forst.
Synonyms
	List Cordia blancoi S.Vidal in Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip.: 192 (1886); Cordia blancoi var. mollis Merr. in Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35: 61-62 (1905); Cordia brownii A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 499 (1845); Cordia dichotoma var. brunnea Kurz in Forest Fl. Burma 2@ 208 (1877); Cordia griffithii C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 139 (1883); Cordia indica Lam. in Encycl. 7: 49 (1806); Cordia ixiocarpa F.Muell. in Fragm. 1: 59 (1858); Cordia latifolia Roxb. in Fl. Ind. 2: 330 (1824); Cordia loureiroi Roem. & Schult. in Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 4: 465 (1819); Cordia myxa var. ixiocarpa (F.Muell.) Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 543 (1928); Cordia obliqua Willd. in Phytographia 1: 4 (1794); Cordia obliqua var. tomentosa Kazmi in J. Arnold Arbor. 51(2): 143 (1970), nom. superfl.; Cordia obliqua var. wallichii (G.Don) C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 137 (1883); Cordia premnifolia Ridl. in J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 68: 12 (1915); Cordia suaveolens Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 843 (1826); Cordia subdentata Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 571 (1861); Cordia tomentosa Wall. in W.Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 339 (1824); Cordia tremula Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W. I.: 479 (1862); Cordia wallichii G.Don in Gen. Hist. 4: 379 (1837); Gerascanthus dichotomus (G.Forst.) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 404 (1988); Gerascanthus griffithii (C.B.Clarke) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 405 (1988); Gerascanthus suaveolens (Blume) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 407 (1988); Lithocardium griffithii (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891); Lithocardium platyphyllum Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891); Lithocardium suaveolens (Blume) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891); Lithocardium subdentatum Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891); Lithocardium tremulum (Griseb.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891); Sebestena indica (Lam.) Raf. in Sylva Tellur.: 38 (1838); Varronia integerrima Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 424 (1812); Varronia sinensis Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 138 (1790) ; ;

Cordia dichotoma is a species of flowering tree in the borage family, Boraginaceae, that is native to the Indomalayan realm, northern Australia, and western Melanesia.^[2]

Common names in English include fragrant manjack,^[4] clammy cherry, glue berry tree and Indian cherry.^[2]

Description

Cordia dichotoma is a small to moderate-sized deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading crown. The stem bark is greyish brown, smooth or longitudinally wrinkled. Flowers are short-stalked, bisexual, white in colour which open only at night. The fruit is a yellow or pinkish-yellow shining globose which turns black on ripening and the pulp gets viscid.

Habitat and range

Cordia dichotoma is native to China ( Fujian, Guangdong Guangxi, Guizhou, southeast Tibet, and Yunnan) the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, Taiwan, India (including East and West Himalayas,^[3]), Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia ( Northern Territory and Queensland),^[2] New Caledonia and Vanuatu.^[1] It is a tree of tropical and subtropical regions. It is found in a variety of forests ranging from the dry deciduous forests of Rajasthan to the moist deciduous forests of Western Ghats and tidal forests in Myanmar.

It has been introduced into; Cuba, Florida, Guatemala, Leeward Islands, Marianas, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Tobago, Trinidad and the Windward Islands.^[3]

Ecology

The larvae of the butterfly Arhopala micale feed on leaves of C. dichotoma.

Uses

A jar of Taiwanese *Cordia dichotoma* fruits with ginger

The immature fruits are pickled (see South Asian pickles) and are also used as a vegetable fodder. The leaves also yield good fodder. The fruits of C. dichotoma are edible.^[5]

'Joshanda' is a Unani herbal medicine, known for its ability to manage colds, coughs, sore throats, nasal congestion, respiratory problems, and fevers.^[6] It consists of seeds of 'Khatmi' ( Althaea officinalis), fruits of 'Sapistan' (Cordia dichotoma), dried rhizomes of 'mulethi '( Glycyrrhiza glabra), seeds of 'Khubbazi' ( Malva rotundifolia), leaves of 'Gaozaban' ( Onosma bracteatum), flowers of Banafsha ( Viola odorata) and the dried fruits of 'Unnab' ( Ziziphus jujuba).^[7] Its fruits of C. dichotoma are a rich source of polysaccharides and are potential sources of phytochemicals with antibacterial and antioxidant activities.^[6]

Symbolism

It is the symbol of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province in Thailand.

Gallery

Trunk
Flowers
Foliage

References

^ ^a ^b Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2021). "Cordia dichotoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T61986401A207735485. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Cordia dichotoma". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
^ "Cordia dichotoma". Encyclopedia of Life. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
^ Bachheti, Archana; Deepti; Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar; Singh, Anjita; Zebeaman, Meseret; Hunde, Yilma; Husen, Azamal (2023). "Bioactive constituents and health promoting compounds of underutilized fruits of the northern Himalayas of India: a review". Food Production, Processing and Nutrition. 5 (24). doi: 10.1186/s43014-023-00140-5.
^ ^a ^b Rahayu, E.S.; Martin, P.; Dewi, N.K.; Kurniawan, F.H. (2017). "Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.: Bioecology and population density". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 824 (1): 012059. Bibcode: 2017JPhCS.824a2059R. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/824/1/012059. 012059.
^ "Top 10 Best Health Benefits and Uses of Joshanda". Gyanunlimited. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

[IUCN-1] Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2021). "Cordia dichotoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T61986401A207735485. Retrieved 26 December 2023.

[GRIN-2] "Cordia dichotoma". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-04-18.

[Powo-3] "Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

[EOL-4] "Cordia dichotoma". Encyclopedia of Life. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 May 2024.

[Bachheti2023-5] Bachheti, Archana; Deepti; Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar; Singh, Anjita; Zebeaman, Meseret; Hunde, Yilma; Husen, Azamal (2023). "Bioactive constituents and health promoting compounds of underutilized fruits of the northern Himalayas of India: a review". Food Production, Processing and Nutrition. 5 (24). doi: 10.1186/s43014-023-00140-5.

[Rahayu2017-6] Rahayu, E.S.; Martin, P.; Dewi, N.K.; Kurniawan, F.H. (2017). "Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.: Bioecology and population density". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 824 (1): 012059. Bibcode: 2017JPhCS.824a2059R. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/824/1/012059. 012059.

[7] "Top 10 Best Health Benefits and Uses of Joshanda". Gyanunlimited. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

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Cordia dichotoma

Leaves in Hyderabad, India
Conservation status
Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Boraginales
Family:	Boraginaceae
Genus:	Cordia
Species:	C. dichotoma
Binomial name
*Cordia dichotoma* G.Forst.^[2]
Synonyms^[3]
List Cordia blancoi S.Vidal in Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip.: 192 (1886) Cordia blancoi var. mollis Merr. in Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35: 61-62 (1905) Cordia brownii A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 499 (1845) Cordia dichotoma var. brunnea Kurz in Forest Fl. Burma 2@ 208 (1877) Cordia griffithii C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 139 (1883) Cordia indica Lam. in Encycl. 7: 49 (1806) Cordia ixiocarpa F.Muell. in Fragm. 1: 59 (1858) Cordia latifolia Roxb. in Fl. Ind. 2: 330 (1824) Cordia loureiroi Roem. & Schult. in Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 4: 465 (1819) Cordia myxa var. ixiocarpa (F.Muell.) Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 543 (1928) Cordia obliqua Willd. in Phytographia 1: 4 (1794) Cordia obliqua var. tomentosa Kazmi in J. Arnold Arbor. 51(2): 143 (1970), nom. superfl. Cordia obliqua var. wallichii (G.Don) C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 137 (1883) Cordia premnifolia Ridl. in J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 68: 12 (1915) Cordia suaveolens Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 843 (1826) Cordia subdentata Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 571 (1861) Cordia tomentosa Wall. in W.Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 339 (1824) Cordia tremula Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W. I.: 479 (1862) Cordia wallichii G.Don in Gen. Hist. 4: 379 (1837) Gerascanthus dichotomus (G.Forst.) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 404 (1988) Gerascanthus griffithii (C.B.Clarke) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 405 (1988) Gerascanthus suaveolens (Blume) Borhidi in Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 407 (1988) Lithocardium griffithii (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891) Lithocardium platyphyllum Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891) Lithocardium suaveolens (Blume) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891) Lithocardium subdentatum Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891) Lithocardium tremulum (Griseb.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 977 (1891) Sebestena indica (Lam.) Raf. in Sylva Tellur.: 38 (1838) Varronia integerrima Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 424 (1812) Varronia sinensis Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 138 (1790)