The animal may be kept as a domestic pet, though there are prohibitions on their ownership in some territories. As a pet, the animal is larger than a
golden hamster but smaller than a
fancy rat.
Description
Degus have a characteristic coat patternThree-day-old pups
The common degu is a small animal with a body length of 25.0 to 31.0 cm (9.8–12.2 in) and a weight of 170 to 400 g (6.0 to 14.1 oz). It has yellow-brown fur above and creamy-yellow below, with yellow around the eyes and a paler band around the neck. It has a long, thin tail with a tufted, black tip, dark sparsely furred ears, and pale grey toes. Its fifth toe is small with a nail, rather than a claw, on the fore feet. Its hind feet are bristled. Its cheek teeth are shaped like figures-of-eight, hence the degu's
genus name Octodon.[4]
Social behavior
Degus nestling to keep warm at
Artis Zoo in the Netherlands
Common degus are highly social. They live in burrows, and, by digging communally, they are able to construct larger and more elaborate burrows than they could on their own.[5] Degus digging together coordinate their activities, forming digging chains.[6] Females living in the same group have been shown to spontaneously nest communally;[7][8] they nurse one another's young. They spend a large amount of time on the surface, where they forage for food.[6] When foraging, their ability to detect predators is increased in larger groups,[9] and each animal needs to spend less time in
vigilance.
Common degus exhibit a wide array of communication techniques. They have an elaborate vocal repertoire comprising up to 15 different sounds,[10] and the young need to be able to hear their mother's calls if the emotional systems in their brains are to develop properly.[11] They use their
urine to
scent mark,[12] and experiments have shown that they react to one another's marks,[13] although in males the hormone
testosterone may suppress their sense of smell somewhat.[14]
Male degu keeping newborn pups warm
Common degus are seasonal breeders; the breeding season for wild degus begins in the Chilean autumn when day and night are roughly equal,[15] with pups born in early to mid-spring.[16] Female degus are pregnant for approximately ninety days,[4][17] having a comparatively long gestation period compared to other non-caviomorph rodents. Female pregnant weight varies over the course of gestation and according to litter size;[18] litters contain an average of six pups,[7] but size can range from one or two up to twelve young.[18] Common degu pups are born relatively
precocial, fully furred and with eyes open, and their
auditory and
visual systems are functional at birth.[19] Unlike most other rodents, male common degus also take part in protecting and raising their pups until they are old enough to leave the family.[20]
Unlike some other
octodontids, common degus are
diurnal[21] (active during the day), and they have good vision. Their
retinas include
rod cells and two types of
cone cells, corresponding to peak sensitivity in the green and
ultraviolet regions of the
spectrum.[22] Behavioral experiments have shown that degus are able to discriminate ultraviolet light from the wavelengths visible to humans; it is likely that this ultraviolet sensitivity has a social function, since both their
ventral (stomach) fur and their
urine are highly UV reflective.[23]
Diet
Degus use their forepaws to hold food while eating
Common degus are strictly
herbivorous, in the wild feeding on grasses and browsing the leaves of shrubs, though they will also take seeds.[24] Throughout much of the year forage is dried[21] and so common degus are specially adapted to a very high fibre intake,[25] and this varies between food types and environmental conditions.[26] Like some other herbivores such as
rabbits, they perform
coprophagy (
faecal reingestion) so as to extract more nutrition from their diet.[27] This also serves to maintain healthy gut function during times when food is scarce.[27] Although they are active by day, in high summer they do not leave their burrows in the middle of the day[21] and instead emerge to forage in the mornings and evenings.
Perhaps the most remarkable feature of common degu physiology is their intolerance of dietary sugar. Common degus have been found to have a divergent
insulin structure (one of the hormones that regulate
blood glucose level) and so are highly susceptible to developing
diabetes mellitus when fed regularly on a diet containing free sugars.[28] This is thought to be due to evolutionary pressure arising from the lack of availability of free sugars in the degu's natural environment.[29] Because of this, the ingredients of non-degu-specific hard feed formulations given to captive common degus should be checked for sugar-laden ingredients, such as
molasses,
honey, and
glucose syrup.[citation needed]
Research subjects
Common degus are extremely intelligent and have a good ability to solve problems.[30] This individual has a much shorter tail than normal, almost certainly due to injury.
Common degus entered the research spotlight due to their unique relationship with sugar and diabetes, but are also studied for a wide variety of other reasons.
Neuroscientists at the
Riken Institute in
Tokyo,
Japan, used common degus for research into tool use in animals with good eye-and-paw coordination, in which they spontaneously learned to use a tiny rake to retrieve out-of-reach seeds.[30] Common degus have also been found to spontaneously stack objects in order of decreasing size.[31] In both cases it is the first time these behaviours have been recorded in animals other than apes and birds.[citation needed]
Another interesting area of common degu research is
circadian rhythm function, i.e. the ability of the brain to tell what time of day it is. Degus have the ability to show both
diurnal and
nocturnal rhythms if the environment permits,[32] allowing a unique opportunity for study. Common degus can take cues that do not relate to day length, such as temperature,[33]melatonin levels[34] and even scents from other degus[35] to adjust their rhythms.
Common degus are also invaluable in development and aging studies. Research has shown that
separation anxiety caused by separating pups from their mother from an early age for periods of half an hour or more can cause developmental and behavioural changes in later life, similar to
ADHD in humans.[36] In elderly common degus,
neural markers have been discovered which are remarkably similar to those in humans with
Alzheimer's disease, which is the first time this has been seen in a wild-type rodent.[37]
As pets
Captive common degus need plenty of space to exhibit a full range of normal behavioursA degu in a cage, 2023Common degu , name Zefyrka, 2022 год
After initial interest into common degus as
research subjects, they have become popular as
pets, though until recently[when?] they were seldom found in pet shops. Their advantages over traditional small pets are their
diurnal habits, bubbly personalities, the haired tail (as compared to
rats and
mice) and their lifespan: they are reported to live up to 13 years under ideal circumstances (though a poor gene pool or genetic background often reduces a pet degu's lifespan significantly).[citation needed] The average lifespan of a common degu in captivity is typically around six to eight years of age.
One disadvantage of the common degu as a pet is their predisposition to chewing, due to their continually growing incisor and molar teeth.[4] For this reason, common degus cannot be housed in plastic-bottomed cages typically found in pet stores. A metal cage with multiple levels made for rats and secured double latches works best. It is important to line the levels with grass mats or a soft fabric so that the common degus do not get
bumblefoot.[citation needed]
Untamed common degus, as with some other small animals kept as pets, can be prone to biting, but their intelligence makes them easy to tame. Regular non-predatory handling and food offerings help with this transition. It is important to never try to catch a common degu by the tail because the skin and tuft at the end is easily "shed" (pulled off). This helps common degus in the wild elude capture by predators, but it is painful to the creature and the tail end will not grow back. When tail shedding occurs, common degus will chew off the damaged portion. This can reduce the chances of infection.[citation needed]
Common degus often "groom" their human owners with a gentle nibbling action, and readily bond with any person spending time with them. Common degus need regular
sand baths, like Chinchillas need dust baths, to keep their coats healthy and free from grease.
Chinchilla sand is ideal for this. They should have access to these baths regularly, preferably two or three times a week for half an hour at a time. However, daily sand bathing can make their coats soiled.[citation needed]
Prohibitions
Some jurisdictions consider common degus as a potential
invasive species and forbid owning them as a pet.
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