Cecil C. Steiner (June 6, 1896 – February 11, 1989) was a
dentist and one of
Edward H. Angle's first students in 1921.[1] He developed a form of
cephalometric analysis, presented in 1953,[2] referred to as the Steiner method of analysis.[3]
Life
Cecil C. Steiner was born in
Rancho Cucamonga, California in 1896. His father, Emil Steiner, had moved his family to California in 1904, settling in the
Imperial Valley where they farmed their homestead near
Brawley, California. Cecil rode a horse to a small country school of only 12 students. After graduating Brawley High School, he attended the
University of California, Berkeley for his undergraduate education, commuting between Brawley and Berkeley, but this time in decidedly higher style on one of the first Harley-Davidson motorcycles.
Dr. Steiner then obtained his dental degree from the
UCSF School of Dentistry at the age of 19. Soon after, he started working in
Los Angeles with a local Orthodontist named Dr. Ray Robinson. Wishing to pursue formal orthodontic education, he sought out specialty training. Orthodontic schools of the era spent much time in maintenance of the primitive appliances then in use, often repairing and re-cementing bands owing to the crude nature of early materials and adhesives. He eventually went to
Pasadena, California to meet and enroll himself in the nascent
Angle School of Orthodontia. During the meeting, Dr.
Edward Angle, an exacting and often strongly opinionated educator, asked Steiner questions about the naturalist Charles Darwin, which Steiner was unable to answer. Steiner was then summarily dismissed from the meeting, but Anna Angle, Edward's wife and decidedly more compassionate half, asked Steiner to read 20 books and to return for another meeting with Dr. Angle. He returned for that meeting and eventually became Angle's second student in his school in Pasadena. He obtained his certificate in 1921 and continued working with Angle after his graduation. While at the school Steiner worked on the Ribbon Arch appliance.
Career
He is most-remember for his articles Cephalometrics for You and me (1953), Cephalometrics in Clinical Practice (1959), Use of Cephalometrics as an Aid to Planning and Assessing Orthodontic Treatment (1960). He worked at the Angle School of Orthodontia, perfecting the edgewise bracket, and associated armamentaria, that would become the standard of care in orthodontics for the next century. He was also a part-time faculty at the Orthodontic Department in UCSF School of Dentistry. He was instrumental in starting the USC Orthodontic Department with Larry L. Dougherty in 1960. The Department at USC dedicated their library to Dr. Steiner in recognition of his significant contributions to the school.
Steiner's Analysis consists of Skeletal, Dental and Soft Tissue Analysis. The skeletal component tries to related the upper and lower to the skull and to each other. The dental component tries to relate the upper and lower incisors to each other and to their respective jaws and the soft tissue component tries to understand the lower facial profile.[4]
Skeletal
SNA = This angle helps determine if maxilla is positioned anteriorly or posteriorly to the cranial base
SNB = This angle helps determine if mandible is positioned anteriorly or posteriorly to the cranial base
ANB = This angle helps determine the relationship between maxilla and mandible to each other
Occlusal Plane to SN = Plane that is drawn through cusps of first molars and first premolars. Average is 14 degrees
Mandibular Plane = This plane is drawn by using Gonion (Go) and Gnathion (Gn). The average is 32 degrees. The angle that mandibular plane forms with SN plane helps determine the growth pattern of individuals.
Dental
Maxillary Incisor Position = Relationship of upper incisors to the N-A line. Average is 22 degrees and 4 mm.
Mandibular Incisor Position = Relationship of lower incisors to the N-B line. Average is 25 degrees and 4 mm.
Interincisal Angle = Relates position of upper incisor to lower incisor. Average is 130 degrees.
Lower Incisor to Chin = According to Holdway, it is the distance from the distal surface of lower incisor to the N-B line (Nasion - B Point). 4 mm is the average
Soft Tissue
S Line (Steiner's Line) = According to Steiner,[5] the lips should touch a line extending from the soft tissue contour of the chin to the middle of an S formed by lower border of the nose. Lips that are beyond this line are protrusive.
Awards
1968 Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award from the American Board of Orthodontics[6][7]
1978 Distinguished Honor Scroll,
Charles H. Tweed International Foundation for Orthodontic Research and Education[8]
References
^Wahl, Norman (2006). "Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 8: The cephalometer takes its place in the orthodontic armamentarium". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 129 (4): 574–80.
doi:
10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.01.013.
PMID16627188.
^Bidanda, Bopaya; Motavalli, Saeid; Patterson, Gary (1990). "On the development of an integrated computer system for cephalometric analyses". Journal of Medical Systems. 14 (1–2): 1–16.
doi:
10.1007/BF00995876.
PMID2373968.
S2CID13060197.
^Oria, A; Schellino, E; Massaglia, M; Fornengo, B (1991). "A comparative evaluation of Steiner's and McNamara's methods for determining the position of the bone bases". Minerva Stomatologica. 40 (6): 381–5.
PMID1944052.
^Jacobson, Alien (1995). Radiographic Cephalometry (1st ed.). Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. p. 82.
^Railsback, RM (1968). "The Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award. Presentation to George W. Hahn and Cecil C. Steiner by Richard M. Railsback, president of the American Board of Orthodontics". American Journal of Orthodontics. 54 (9): 691–6.
doi:
10.1016/0002-9416(68)90021-3.
PMID4875379.