From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Extinct clade of mammals
Amphicynodontidae is a probable clade of extinct
arctoids . While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of
bears ,
[1] a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with
pinnipeds , as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals.
[2]
[3]
[4] In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[3]
[8]
[4] According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-
pinnipeds in the superfamily
Phocoidea .
[9] Fossils of these mammals have been found in
Europe, North America and Asia .
[4] Amphicynodontines should not be confused with
Amphicyonids (bear-dogs), a separate family of
Carnivora which is a sister clade to
arctoids within the
caniforms , but which may be listed as a clade of extinct
arctoids in older publications.
Systematics
Family †Amphicynodontidae Simpson, 1945
[10]
†
Allocyon Merriam, 1930
†Allocyon loganensis Merriam, 1930
†
Amphicynodon Filhol, 1881
†Amphicynodon brachyrostris (Filhol, 1876)
†Amphicynodon cephalogalinus Teilhard, 1915
†Amphicynodon chardini Cirot and De Bonis, 1992
†Amphicynodon crassirostris (Filhol, 1876)
†Amphicynodon gracilis (Filhol, 1874)
†Amphicynodon leptorhynchus (Filhol, 1874)
†Amphicynodon mongoliensis Janovskaja, 1970
†Amphicynodon teilhardi Matthew and Granger, 1924
†Amphicynodon typicus Schlosser, 1888
†Amphicynodon velaunus (Aymard, 1846)
†
Amphicticeps Matthew and Granger, 1924
†Amphicticeps dorog Wang et al. , 2005
†Amphicticeps makhchinus Wang et al. , 2005
†Amphicticeps shackelfordi Matthew and Granger, 1924
†
Drassonax Galbreath, 1953
†Drassonax harpagops Galbreath, 1953
†
Kolponomos Stirton, 1960
†Kolponomos clallamensis Stirton, 1960
†Kolponomos newportensis Tedford et al. , 1994
†
Pachycynodon Schlosser, 1888
†Pachycynodon boriei (Filhol, 1876)
†Pachycynodon crassirostris Schlosser, 1888
†Pachycynodon filholi Schlosser, 1888
†Pachycynodon tenuis Teilhard de Chardin, 1915
†
Wangictis de Bonis et al. , 2019
†Wangictis tedfordi (Wang & Qiu, 2003)
References
^ McLellan, B.; Reiner, D.C. (1992).
"A review of bear evolution" (PDF) . International Association for Bear Research and Management . 9 (1): 85–96.
doi :
10.2307/3872687 .
JSTOR
3872687 .
S2CID
91124592 . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 19 February 2020.
^
Tedford, R. H. ; Barnes, L. G.; Ray, C. E. (1994).
"The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran Kolponomos : Systematics and mode of life" (PDF) . Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History . 29 : 11–32. Archived from
the original (PDF) on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010 .
^
a
b Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M.R.; Tedford, R.H. (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia". Nature . 458 (7241): 1021–24.
Bibcode :
2009Natur.458.1021R .
doi :
10.1038/nature07985 .
PMID
19396145 .
S2CID
4371413 .
^
a
b
c Berta, A.; Morgan, C.; Boessenecker, R.W. (2018).
"The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses" . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 46 : 203–228.
Bibcode :
2018AREPS..46..203B .
doi :
10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009 .
^ Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994).
"Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds" (PDF) . Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History . 29 : 57–67.
^ Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995).
"Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 12 (1): 28–52.
doi :
10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189 .
PMID
7877495 .
^ Wang, X.; McKenna, M. C.; Dashzeveg, D. (2005).
"Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography" . American Museum Novitates (3483): 216.
doi :
10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 .
hdl :
2246/5674 .
^ Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007).
"Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 7 : 216.
doi :
10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 .
PMC
2245807 .
PMID
17996107 .
^ McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level . Columbia University Press, New York.
^
Amphicynodontinae in the
Paleobiology Database