Change in the structure of the stem allowing a plant to adapt to different environmental conditions
Grapevine tendrils and leaves.
Thorns.
Cladodes.
Aerial stem modifications are modifications to the
aerial stems ,
[1] vegetative
buds and
floral buds of plants growing in different conditions and which perform functions such as climbing, protection, support,
synthesis of food, or vegetative propagation .
[2]
[3]
Aerial stem structures that undergo modifications to perform these special functions include
tendrils ,
thorns , hooks,
phylloclade ,
tuberous stems , and
bulbils .
[4]
[5]
[6] The auxiliary or the terminal part of the modified structures shows their
stem nature .
[7]
Tendrils
Some weak-stemmed plants produce wiry, coiled, sensitive, and delicate organs for climbing. They are called
tendrils .
[8] These may develop from either the axillary bud or the
terminal bud of the stem. In
Passiflora , the tendrils develop from the axillary bud. In
Cissus quadrangularis and in
Vitis vinifera , the
terminal bud develops into
tendrils.
[9]
[10]
[11]
Thorns
These are hard, woody, pointed structures meant for protection. They are provided with
vascular tissue ,
[12] which may develop from the axillary bud or
terminal buds .
[13] They control
transpiration by reducing the vegetative growth.
In
Bougainvillea ,
Punica granatum , and
Duranta , the
axillary bud develop into thorns.
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17] In Duranta , the thorns are provided with leaves and flowers. In
Punica granatum , the thorns bear leaves and branches.
[18] In
Carissa carandas , the terminal bud produces a pair of thorns. They help in protection.
[19]
Bulbils
When the axillary bud becomes fleshy and rounded due to the storage of food, it is called a
bulb .
[20] It gets detached from the plant, falls on the ground, and develops into a new plant. e.g.
Dioscorea .
[21] It is in the
axil (the space between the leaf and stem).
[22]
Cladode
These are green branches of limited growth (usually one
internode long) that have taken up the functions of photosynthesis.
[23] True leaves are reduced to scales or
spines , e.g.
Asparagus .
[24]
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