From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of events
Events from the year 1938 in the United States .
Incumbents
Events
January–March
January 1
January 3 – The
March of Dimes is established as a foundation to combat infant
polio by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt .
January 11 – Leading Korean dancer
Choi Seung-hee arrives in
San Francisco to begin her international tour in the
United States .
[1] She is the first
Korean Wave entertainer.
January 16 –
The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert is recorded live when
Benny Goodman and his orchestra become the first jazz musicians to headline a concert at
Carnegie Hall in
New York City .
January 22 –
Thornton Wilder 's play
Our Town is performed for the first time anywhere in
Princeton, New Jersey . It premieres in New York City on February 4.
January 27 – The Niagara Bridge at
Niagara Falls, New York collapses due to an ice jam.
January 28 – The first
ski tow in America begins operation in
Vermont .
February 4 – Walt Disney's
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , the first
cel -animated feature in motion picture history, is released in the U.S. following last year's premiere.
March 3 – The
Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in
Orange County and causing trouble as far inland as
Palm Springs .
[2]
March 10 – The
10th Academy Awards , hosted by
Bob Burns , are presented at
Biltmore Hotel in
Los Angeles , with
William Dieterle 's
The Life of Emile Zola winning the most awards with three, including the
Academy Award for Outstanding Production , and receiving the most nominations with ten.
Leo McCarey wins
Best Director for
The Awful Truth .
April–June
April 15
April 18 – First appearance of comic book
superhero
Superman (as a backup story), in Action Comics #1 (cover date June).
[4]
April 25 –
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins : The
Supreme Court of the U.S. holds that
federal courts do not have the judicial power to create general federal common law when hearing state law claims under
diversity jurisdiction , overturning almost a century of federal
civil procedure case law.
April 28 – The towns of
Dana ,
Enfield ,
Greenwich , and
Prescott in
Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the
Quabbin Reservoir .
April 30 – The first cartoon to feature a prototypical
Bugs Bunny ,
Porky's Hare Hunt , is released.
May 12
U.S. Secretary of State
Cordell Hull rejects the Soviet Union's offer of a joint defence pact, to counter the rise of Nazi Germany.
USS Enterprise is commissioned.
May 17 –
Information Please debuts on
NBC Radio.
June 22 –
Heavyweight boxing champion
Joe Louis knocks out
Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch at
Yankee Stadium in
New York City .
June 23
June 24 – A 450-
metric-ton (496-
short-ton )
meteorite explodes about 12 miles (19 km) above the earth near
Chicora, Pennsylvania .
June 25 – Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act is signed into law by president Franklin D. Roosevelt.
June 29 –
Olympic National Park is established in
Washington state .
July–September
July 3 – The last reunion of the Blue and
Gray commemorates the 75th anniversary of the
Battle of Gettysburg in
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania .
July 5 – The
Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the
Spanish Civil War . The agreement is respected by most Republican foreign volunteers, notably by those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy.
July 6 – The
Evian Conference on Refugees is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept Jews fleeing persecution, and the United States will take only 27,370.
July 14 –
Howard Hughes sets a new record, by completing a 91-hour
airplane flight around the world.
July 18 –
Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from
New York City , ostensibly heading for
California . He lands in
Ireland instead.
July 28 –
Pan Am
flying boat
Hawaii Clipper disappears with 6 passengers and 9 crew members en route from
Guam to
Manila .
August 6 – The
Looney Tunes animated short
Porky & Daffy is released.
August 18 – The
Thousand Islands Bridge , connecting the United States with
Canada , is dedicated by U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt .
August 31 –
Winston Churchill , still believing France and Britain mean to honor their promises to defend
Czechoslovakia against
Nazi aggression, suggests in a personal note to
Neville Chamberlain that His Majesty's Government may want to set up a broad international alliance including the United States (specifically mentioning U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt as possibly receptive to the idea) and the
Soviet Union .
September 4 – During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque at Pointe de Grave, France celebrating Franco-American friendship, U.S. Ambassador
William Bullitt in a speech states, "France and the United States were united in war and peace", leading to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia, then the United States would join the war on the Allied side.
September 9 – U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt's speech at a press conference at the White House. Roosevelt states it is “100% wrong” the U.S. would join a “stop-Hitler bloc” under any circumstances, and makes it quite clear that in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain neutral.
September 12 –
Hitler makes his much-anticipated closing address at
Nuremberg , in which he vehemently attacks the
Czech people and President
Beneš . American news commentator
H. V. Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the
CBS Radio Network with a summation of Hitler's address.
September 20 – The first
patents for
nylon (first
synthesized in 1935) are granted in the name of
Wallace Carothers to
DuPont ,
[5] which on October 27 announces the new product's name. The first items produced in the new material (February 24) are
toothbrush
bristles .
September 21 – The
New England Hurricane of 1938 strikes
Long Island and southern New England, killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and approximately 600 in total.
September 22 –
Olsen and Johnson 's musical comedy revue
Hellzapoppin' begins its 3-year run on Broadway.
October–December
October 3 – Production of the Jefferson nickel begins, replacing the
buffalo nickel (last struck in April). The new nickel is released on November 15.
[6]
October 9 – The
New York Yankees defeat the
Chicago Cubs , 4 games to 0, to win their 7th World Series Title.
October 10 – The
Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting
Port Huron, Michigan and
Sarnia, Ontario .
October 16 –
Winston Churchill , in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the
Munich Agreement as a defeat and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against
Adolf Hitler .
October 17 – The American stunt performer
Evel Knievel was born in
Butte, Montana .
October 24 – The
minimum wage is established by law in the U.S.
October 30 –
Orson Welles 's radio adaptation of
The War of the Worlds (with script by
Howard Koch ) is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States.
October 31 –
Great Depression : In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the
New York Stock Exchange unveils a 15-point program intended to upgrade protection for the investing public.
November 1 –
Horse racing :
Seabiscuit defeats
War Admiral by four lengths in their famous match race at
Pimlico Race Course in
Baltimore, Maryland .
November 10 – On the eve of
Armistice Day ,
Kate Smith sings
Irving Berlin 's "
God Bless America " for the first time on her weekly radio show.
November 18 –
Trade union members elect
John L. Lewis as the first president of the
Congress of Industrial Organizations .
December 15 – President Franklin Roosevelt agrees to lend $25 million to
Chiang Kai-shek to help fund his war efforts against Japan. The loan marks the beginning of the relationship between the two leaders.
December 16 –
MGM releases its successful film version of
Charles Dickens 's
A Christmas Carol .
Undated
Ongoing
Births
January 2 –
Dana Ulery , computer scientist
January 4 –
Eddie Southern , hurdler (died
2023 )
January 6 –
William E. Connolly , political scientist, theorist and academic
January 7
January 9
January 14
January 18 –
Paul G. Kirk , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts from 2009 to 2010
January 21
January 22 –
Peter Beard , zookeeper, photographer and diarist (died
2020 )
January 31 –
James G. Watt , lawyer and politician (died
2023 )
[10]
February 4 –
Donald W. Riegle, Jr. , U.S. Senator from Michigan from 1976 to 1995
March 3 –
Patricia MacLachlan , children's writer (died
2022 )
[11]
March 4 –
Paula Prentiss , actress
March 5
March 7 –
David Baltimore , biologist, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1975
March 12 –
Ken Spears , writer (died
2020 )
[13]
March 16 –
Cal Browning , American baseball player (died
2022 )
[14]
March 17 –
Fred Akers , football player and coach (died
2020 )
March 19 –
Joe Kapp , football player and coach (died
2023 )
[15]
March 25 –
Hoyt Axton , country music singer-songwriter and actor (died
1999 )
March 26 –
Nancy Milford , biographer (died
2022 )
[16]
March 31 –
Jimmy Johnson , football player (died
2024 )
[17]
April 2 –
Richard Ellis , marine biologist (died
2024 )
[18]
April 3 –
John M. Darley , social psychologist (died
2018 )
April 7 –
Jerry Brown , governor of California
April 13
April 22 –
Barrie R. Cassileth , alternative medicine researcher (died
2022 )
[19]
April 23 –
Steve Symms , U.S. Senator from Idaho from 1981 to 1993
April 25
April 26 –
Duane Eddy , rock guitarist (died
2024 )
April 29 –
Bernie Madoff , financier and convicted fraudster (died
2021 )
May 9 –
Carroll Cole , serial killer (died
1985 )
[21]
May 10
May 11 –
Bruce Langhorne , folk guitarist (died
2017 )
May 13 –
Francine Pascal , novelist and playwright
May 15 –
Nancy Garden , author (died
2014 )
[22]
May 17 –
Marcia Freedman , American-born Israeli social activist (died
2021 )
[23]
May 21 –
Ross Hagen , screen and voice actor, director, screenwriter and producer (died
2011 )
May 22 –
Richard Benjamin , actor
June 3 –
David L. Mills , computer scientist and engineer (died
2024 )
June 7 –
Goose Gonsoulin , American football player (died
2014 )
June 16 –
Joyce Carol Oates , novelist
June 20 –
John Johnson , reporter
June 24 –
Lawrence Block , crime writer
June 27 –
Jake Crouthamel , American football player and coach (died
2022 )
June 28
June 30 –
Billy Mills , Olympic athlete
July 4 –
Bill Withers , African American singer-songwriter (died
2020 )
July 6 –
Manny Mashouf , Iranian-born businessman and philanthropist
July 15 –
Ronnie Self , singer (died
1981 )
July 20 –
Natalie Wood , actress (died
1981 )
July 21 –
Janet Reno ,
United States Attorney General from 1993 to 2001 (died
2016 )
July 26
July 29 –
Peter Jennings , journalist (died
2005 )
August 3 –
Maxie Baughan , American football player (died
2023 )
[24]
August 7 –
Verna Bloom , actress (died
2019 )
August 8 –
Connie Stevens , actress, singer and businesswoman
[25]
August 15 –
Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U.S. from 1994 to 2022
August 16 –
Sherry Combs Johnson ,
barrel racer (died
2023 )
[26]
August 17 –
Trina Robbins , cartoonist (died
2024 )
[27]
August 20 –
Kaneaster Hodges, Jr. , U.S. Senator from Arkansas from 1977 to 1979 (died
2022 )
August 21 –
Kenny Rogers , country singer (died
2020 )
August 25 –
Iris Falcam , American-Micronesian librarian, researcher and public servant (died
2010 )
August 29
August 31 –
John Koerner , musician (died
2024 )
[29]
September 1
September 2 –
Mary Jo Catlett , actress
September 3 –
Dave Ritchie , gridiron football coach (died
2024 )
[30]
September 5 –
Warren J. Baker , academic administrator (died
2022 )
[31]
September 6
September 8 –
Sam Nunn , U.S. Senator from Georgia from 1972 to 1997
September 15 –
Gaylord Perry , baseball player (died
2022 )
[33]
September 24 –
George H. Carley , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia (died
2020 )
September 26 –
Jonathan Goldsmith , actor
September 28 –
Ben E. King , singer-songwriter (died
2015 )
October 1 –
Stella Stevens , actress (died
2023 )
[34]
October 2 –
Dorothy Pitman Hughes , feminist and child welfare activist (died
2022 )
[35]
October 3
October 6 –
Peter F. Donnelly ,
arts patron, vice-chairman of
Americans for the Arts (died
2009 )
October 7 –
Mary Ann Glendon , academic lawyer and bioethicist
October 17 –
Evel Knievel , American motorcycle daredevil (died
2007 )
[37]
October 18 –
Dawn Wells , actress (died
2020 )
October 22 –
Christopher Lloyd , actor and entrepreneur
[38]
October 30 –
Ed Lauter , actor and comedian (died
2013 )
November 2
November 3 –
Terrence McNally , playwright, librettist and screenwriter (died
2020 )
November 8 –
Satch Sanders , basketball player
[39]
November 12
November 13 –
Jean Seberg , actress (died
1979 )
November 16 –
Robert Nozick , philosopher (died
2002 )
November 19 –
Ted Turner , entrepreneur
November 24
November 26 –
Elizabeth Bailey , economist (died
2022 )
[40]
November 29 –
George Yanok , screenwriter and producer (died
2022 )
[41]
December 1 –
Ralph Smith , American football player (died
2023 )
December 4 –
Billy Bryan , baseball player
December 5 –
J. J. Cale , singer-songwriter and guitarist (died
2013 )
December 11 –
McCoy Tyner , jazz pianist (died
2020 )
December 13 –
Gus Johnson , basketball player (died
1987 )
December 16 –
Angelo Mozilo , banker (died
2023 )
[42]
December 23 –
Bob Kahn , Internet pioneer
December 29 –
Jon Voight , actor
[43]
Deaths
January 1 –
George H. Collin , politician (born
1856 )
January 9 –
Johnny Gruelle , cartoonist and children's book author (born
1880 )
January 10 –
William McCall , actor (born
1870 )
January 24 –
Rosamond Pinchot , socialite and actress (born
1904 )
January 26 –
Zitkala-Sa ,
Yankton Dakota writer (born
1876 )
February 2 –
Frederick William Vanderbilt , railway magnate (born
1856 )
February 7 –
Harvey Firestone , tire manufacturer (born
1868 )
February 10 –
Richard A. Whiting , composer (born
1890 )
[44]
February 17 –
T. D. Crittenden , silent film actor (born
1878 )
February 18 –
David King Udall , politician (born
1851 )
February 21 –
George Ellery Hale , solar astronomer (born
1868 )
March 2 –
Ben Harney , composer and pianist (born
1871 )
March 6 –
Walt McDougall , cartoonist (born
1858 )
March 13 –
Clarence Darrow , attorney (born
1857 )
March 21 –
Oscar Apfel , film actor and director (born
1878 )
March 27 –
Helen M. Winslow , editor, author, and publisher (born
1851 )
[45]
April 5 –
Reine Davies , actress (born
1883 )
April 8 –
Joe "King" Oliver , jazz cornet player (born
1871 )
April 24 –
George Grey Barnard , sculptor (born
1863 )
May 14 –
Aaron Daggett , general during the
American Civil War (born
1837 )
May 16
May 22 –
William Glackens , realist painter (born
1870 )
May 23 –
Frederick Ruple , painter (born
1871 )
May 26 –
John Jacob Abel , pharmacologist (born
1857 )
June 3 –
Carrie Langston Hughes , African-American writer and actress (born
1873 )
June 13 –
Beverly Thomas Galloway , plant pathologist (born
1863 )
June 17 –
George E. Barnett , economist (born
1873 )
June 26 –
James Weldon Johnson , author, politician and diplomat (born
1871 )
[46]
June 29 –
Frederick William Vanderbilt , railway magnate (born
1856 )
July 7 –
Magdalena Hergert Becker , pioneer Mennonite missionary (born
1878 )
July 9
July 19 –
Harvey Clark , actor (born
1885 )
July 21 –
Owen Wister , Western fiction writer and historian (born
1860 )
August 1 –
Edmund C. Tarbell , impressionist painter (born
1862 )
August 4 –
Pearl White , film actress (born
1889 )
August 9 –
W. W. Conner , politician (born
1882 )
August 16 –
Robert Johnson , blues singer (born
1911 )
August 17 –
Jane Toppan , serial killer (born
1854 )
[47]
August 30 –
James Scott , ragtime composer (born
1885 )
September 10 –
Andrew Breen ,
Roman Catholic priest and reverend (born
1863 )
September 12 –
Robert L. Bacon , politician (born
1884 )
September 15 –
Thomas Wolfe , author (born
1900 )
September 19 –
Pauline Frederick , stage and film actress (born
1883 )
September 21 –
Andrew Arbuckle , actor (born
1887 )
September 25 –
Anna Laurens Dawes , author and suffragist (born
1851 )
September 28
October 1 –
Conway Tearle , actor (born
1878 )
October 3 –
Richard Teller Crane II , diplomat (born
1882 )
October 13 –
E. C. Segar , comics artist, creator of
Popeye (born
1894 )
October 21 –
Dorothy Hale , socialite, suicide (born
1905 )
October 27 –
Alma Gluck , soprano (born
1884 )
October 28 –
Fred Kohler , actor (born
1888 )
October 30 –
Robert Woolsey , film comedian (born
1888 )
November 1 –
Charles Weeghman , restaurateur and owner of
Chicago Cubs (born
1874 )
November 4 –
Samuel W. Bryant , admiral (born
1877 )
November 11 –
Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary ), first known (in the United States)
asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with
typhoid fever (born
1869 )
[48]
November 15 –
Harry Grant Dart , cartoonist (born
1868 )
[49]
December 16 –
Ed Davis , criminal (born
1900 )
December 20
December 25 –
Richard Henry Cummings , actor (born
1858 )
December 31 –
Lucien Grant Berry , general (born
1863 )
See also
References
^ Kang, Joon-shik (2012). Choi Seung-hee Critical Biography . Noonbit. p. 205.
ISBN
978-89-7409-709-7 .
^
"A Look Back: Flood of '38 was county's worst natural disaster" .
Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2009-05-18 .
^
"Early Television Stations: W6XAO/KTSL/KNXT – Los Angeles" . Earlytelevision.org . Retrieved November 13, 2018 .
^ The date is established in court documents released during a legal battle over the rights to the character.
^ US Patent 2,130,523 Linear polyamides suitable for spinning into strong pliable fibers ; US Patent 2,130,947 Diamine dicarboxylic acid salt and US Patent 2,130,948 Synthetic fibers . Trossarelli, L. (2010).
"The history of nylon" . Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche.
Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-28 .
^ Bowers, Q. David (2007). A Guide Book of Buffalo and Jefferson Nickels . Atlanta, Ga.: Whitman Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-7948-2008-4 .
^ Hans Rudolph, 88 Years of My Life (Kansas City: Hans Rudolph, 1992), pp. 25-45; Hans Rudolph, Inc., Catalog , March 1, 2007, pp. 1-2; "Industry Profile: Hans Rudolph," AARC Times , October 2004, p. 142; "Product Spotlight: Hans Rudolph's Full Face 7600 V2 Mask for CPAP and BiLevel Therapy," Sleep Diagnosis and Therapy , August–September 2007, p. 70; Medical Supplies Companies website,
http://www.medicalsupplies123.com/usa/hans-rudolph-inc.html ; Manta website,
http://www.manta.com/c/mmc779h/rudolph-hans-inc .
^ Ives, Herbert E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1938).
"An Experimental Study of the Rate of a Moving Atomic Clock" .
Journal of the Optical Society of America . 28 (7): 215–19.
Bibcode :
1938JOSA...28..215I .
doi :
10.1364/JOSA.28.000215 . Retrieved 2011-09-23 .
^
"New Deal | Definition, History, Programs, Summary, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 14 March 2023 .
^
James G. Watt, Polarizing Interior Secretary Under Reagan, Dies at 85
^
Obituary: Patricia MacLachlan
^ Louis Paul (29 November 2014).
Tales from the Cult Film Trenches: Interviews with 36 Actors from Horror, Science Fiction and Exploitation Cinema . McFarland. p. 279.
ISBN
978-0-7864-8402-7 .
^ Green, Penelope (2020-11-19).
"Ken Spears, Partner in an Animation Powerhouse, Dies at 82" .
The New York Times .
ISSN
0362-4331 . Archived from
the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2021-08-03 .
^
Calvin D. "Cal" Browning
^
Former Vikings, Cal QB Joe Kapp dies at age 85
^
Nancy Milford, Biographer of Zelda Fitzgerald, Dies at 84
^
49ers Mourn Passing of Hall of Famer Jimmy Johnson
^
Richard Ellis, 86, Dies; Artist Whose Works Included a Museum’s Whale
^
Barrie Cassileth, pioneer of integrative cancer care, dies at 83
^
James Simons, mathematician, philanthropist and hedge fund founder, has died
^
Evil serial killers : In the minds of monsters . 2005.
ISBN
978-0-7607-7566-0 .
^
"Nancy Garden: The author whose novel Annie on My Mind was credited" . The Independent . 14 July 2014.
Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 14 February 2020 .
^
US-born ex-MK Marcia Freedman, a pioneer of Israeli women’s rights, dies at 83
^
Maxie Baughan, Feared Linebacker of the 1960s, Dies at 85
^
Colin Larkin , ed. (1992).
The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.).
Guinness Publishing . p. 2379.
ISBN
0-85112-939-0 .
^
ProRodeo Hall of Famer Sherry Combs Johnson Passes Away
^
Trina Robbins, Legendary Cartoonist and Wonder Woman Artist, Passes Away at 85
^
"TIMELINE: Rubin's career at Citigroup" . Reuters . 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2020-09-29 .
^
Spider John Koerner obituary
^
Legendary CFL Head Coach Dave Ritchie Dead at Age 85
^
Warren Baker, Cal Poly President for More Than 30 Years, Has Passed Away
^
Barbara Ann Rowan, Who Spurred Advances for Black Lawyers, Dies at 82
^
Gaylord Perry, Hall of Fame pitcher who won 2 Cy Young awards, dead at 84
^ Risen, Clay (February 17, 2023).
"Stella Stevens, Hollywood Bombshell Who Yearned for More, Dies at 84" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20, 2023 .
^
Dorothy Pitman Hughes: pioneering Black feminist dies age 84
^ John Collis (19 August 2011).
Gene Vincent & Eddie Cochran . Ebury Publishing. p. 124.
ISBN
978-0-7535-4783-0 .
^
Driver . Department of the Air Force, Hq. Air Force Inspection and Safety Center. 1971. p. 10.
^ Paul T. Hellmann (14 February 2006).
Historical Gazetteer of the United States . Routledge. p. 162.
ISBN
1-135-94859-3 .
^ Jeff Marcus (28 April 2003).
A Biographical Directory of Professional Basketball Coaches . Scarecrow Press. p. 342.
ISBN
978-1-4617-2653-1 .
^
Elizabeth Bailey, pathbreaker for women in economics, dies at 83
^
George Yanok, Emmy-Winning Writer on Lily Tomlin Specials, Dies at 83
^
Angelo Mozilo, who made Countrywide Financial a mortgage powerhouse and then became the face of the 2008 housing crisis, dies at 84
^ Roberts, Jerry (5 June 2009).
Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors . Scarecrow Press. p. 607.
ISBN
978-0-8108-6378-1 .
^
"Richard Whiting, Writer of Popular Songs, Dies at 46" .
The Milwaukee Sentinel . February 19, 1938. Archived from
the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2015 .
^ Leonard, John W. (1914).
Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915 (Public domain ed.). American commonwealth Company. p.
895 .
^ Andrews, William L.; Foster, Frances Smith; Harris, Trudier, eds. (1997). The Oxford Companion to African American Literature . New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 404 ff.
^ Schechter, Harold (2003).
Fatal: The Poisonous Life of a Female Serial Killer . Simon and Schuster.
ISBN
978-0-671-01450-6 .
^
Typhoid Mary historical figure
^
Harry Grant Dart (3 November 1868 - 15 November 1938, USA)
^
"Olympedia – Lida Howell" . www.olympedia.org . Retrieved 20 July 2021 .
External links