From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Timeline of Syrian history under the Ottoman Empire
Following are timelines of the history of
Ottoman Syria , taken as the parts of
Ottoman Syria provinces under
Ottoman rule .
Timeline of history of the parts of
Ottoman Syria under Ottoman rule
16th century
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adding to it .
(September 2010 )
Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds the
Walls of Jerusalem in the mid-1530s
17th century
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adding to it .
(September 2010 )
18th century
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(September 2010 )
Battle of Nazareth
19th century
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adding to it .
(September 2010 )
Galilee earthquake of 1837
1831:
Muhammad Ali of Egypt 's French-trained forces occupy
Syria .
1832: an Egyptian Army led by
Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt marches on
Anatolia and defeats an Ottoman army under
Grand Vizier Reshid Pasha at the
Battle of Konya .
10 May 1832: The
Egyptians , aided by
Maronites , seize
Acre from the
Ottoman Empire after a 7-month
siege .
1833: Western powers broker the
Convention of Kutahya . The terms require Muhammad Ali to withdraw his troops from Anatolia and receive the territories of Syria,
Crete , and
Hijaz in exchange.
1834-5:
Syrian Peasant revolts , including
Sanjak of Jerusalem , Sidon Eyalet and
Aleppo Eyalet .
1 January 1837:
Galilee earthquake of 1837 – a devastating
earthquake the shook the
Galilee region, killing thousands of people.
[3]
1839: The
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , backed by the
Russian Empire and the
Austrian Empire , compels
July Monarchy France to abandon
Muhammad Ali of Egypt , and it forces him to return
Syria and
Arabia to the
Ottoman Empire .
15 July 1840: The
Austrian Empire , the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the
Kingdom of Prussia , and the
Russian Empire sign the
Convention of London with the ruler of the
Ottoman Empire . The signatories offered to Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over
Egypt and the
Acre Sanjak , provided that these territories would remain part of the Ottoman Empire and that he agreed within ten days to withdraw from the rest of
Syria and returned to Sultan
Abdülmecid I the
Ottoman fleet which had defected to
Alexandria . Muhammad Ali was also to immediately withdraw its forces from Arabia, the
Holy Cities ,
Crete , the
Adana District , and all of the Ottoman Empire.
1840: The
Tanzimat reforms begin to have an impact in Syria.[
citation needed ]
1840: Sectarian clashes in Mount Lebanon between
Druze and
Christian
Maronites .
1847: the
Syrian Association founded in Beirut.[
citation needed ]
1850:
Christians massacred in the
Vilayet of Aleppo .
1860: The first Jewish neighborhood (
Mishkenot Sha'ananim ) is built outside the walls of the
Old City of Jerusalem .
[4]
1860: Clashes between Druze and Maronites in
Mount Lebanon and
Damascus .
9 June 1861: European powers led by France intervene on the side of the Maronites and force the Ottomans to establish the Maronite-dominated
Mutesarrifiyyet of Mount Lebanon.
1868: The
American University in Beirut established under the name of the Syrian Protestant College .
1868: the
Syrian Scientific Society founded in Beirut.[
citation needed ]
1874:
Jerusalem Sanjak becomes a Mutesarrifiyyet gaining a special administrative status.
1877–1878: The
Russo-Turkish War causes increased taxation in Syria.
1882–1903: The
First Aliyah took place in which 25,000–35,000 Jew immigrants immigrated to
Ottoman Syria .
1887-8: Ottoman Palestine was divided into
Jerusalem Sanjak ,
Nablus Sanjak and
Acre Sanjak .[
citation needed ]
1893: A fire destroys the
Great Mosque of Damascus .
1895: Construction of railway
Beirut -Damascus.
1895: Construction of railway line Damascus-
Rayek .[
citation needed ]
29–31 August 1897: The
First Zionist Congress is held in
Basel ,
Switzerland , in which the
Basel Declaration was approved which determined that the Zionist movement ultimate aim is to establish a
homeland for the
Jewish people in the region of Palestine secured under public law.
1898: German Kaiser
Wilhelm visits Jerusalem to dedicate the
Lutheran Church of the Redeemer . He meets
Theodor Herzl outside city walls.
20th century
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needs expansion . You can help by
adding to it .
(September 2010 )
first meeting between
Chaim Weizmann (wearing Arab dress as a sign of friendship) and the
Hashemite
Prince Faisal in
Transjordan in an attempt to establish favourable relations between
Arabs and
Jews in the Middle East, June 1918.
The surrender of Jerusalem to the British, 9 December 1917.
Ottoman machine gun corps at the Tell el Sheria Gaza line, 1917.
1900–1908:
Hejaz Railway : construction of Railroad Damascus-
Medina .
[5] *30
1901: The
Jewish National Fund was founded at the Fifth
Zionist Congress in
Basel with the aim of buying and developing land in the
Galilee
Palestine regions of
Ottoman Syria for Jewish settlement.
1 September 1908: The
Hejaz Railway opens.
11 April 1909:
Tel Aviv was founded on the
outskirts of the ancient
port city of
Jaffa .
May 1909:
Hauran Druze Rebellion erupts.
1914: Ottomans fight on the side of the
Central Powers in
World War I .
1915–1917:
Famine in Syria resulting in up to 500,000 deaths due to severe shortage of supplies.
[6]
28 January–3 February 1915:
The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign :
First Suez Offensive – A battle between the forces of the
Ottoman Empire and the
British Empire in which the Turks fail in their attempt to capture or destroy the
Suez Canal and are forced to withdraw their forces. The canal was vital to the British war effort.
March–October 1915: The
1915 locust plague breaks out in region.
16 May 1916:
Britain and
France conclude the secret
Sykes-Picot Agreement , which defines their respective
spheres of influence and control in
Western Asia after the expected demise of the
Ottoman Empire after
World War I . It was largely a trade agreement with a large area set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states.
June 1916:
Grand Sharif Hussein , the
Sharif of Mecca who shared with his fellow Arabs a strong dislike for his Ottoman overlords, enters into an alliance with the
United Kingdom and
France against the Ottomans and soon thereafter commences what would become known as
The Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule.
1916: The Mutasarrifiyet of
Mount Lebanon is abolished.[
citation needed ]
9 January 1917:
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
Battle of Rafa –
British Empire forces defeat the Turks in
Rafah and complete the re-conquest of the
Sinai Peninsula .
26 March 1917:
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
First Battle of Gaza – British fail to advance into Palestine after 17,000 Turkish troops block their advance.
6 April 1917:
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
The Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation – The Ottoman authorities deport the entire civilian population of
Jaffa and
Tel Aviv pursuant to the order from
Ahmed Jamal Pasha , the military governor of Ottoman Syria during the
First World War . Although the
Muslim evacuees are allowed to return before long, the Jewish evacuees were not able to return until after the British conquest of Palestine.
[7]
19 April 1917:
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
Second Battle of Gaza – Turkey repels British assault on
Gaza -
Beersheba line.
6 July 1917:
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
Arabian troops led by
T. E. Lawrence capture
Aqaba from the Turks, and incorporate the territory into the
Kingdom of Hejaz , under the rule of
Prince Faisal . The capture of Aqaba helps open supply lines from
Lower Egypt to the Arab and British forces in the field further north in
Transjordan and Palestine, and more importantly alleviate a threat of a Turkish offensive against the strategically important
Suez Canal .
31 October 1917:
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
Battle of Beersheba – Australian and New Zealand cavalry troops capture
Beersheba from the Turks.
31 October-7 November 1917:
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
Third Battle of Gaza – British forces capture
Gaza and break the Turkish defensive line in southern Palestine.
2 November 1917: The
Balfour Declaration is published in which the British Government declares its support for the establishment of a
Jewish national home in Palestine.
15 November 1917:
Sinai and Palestine campaign : British troops capture
Tel Aviv and
Jaffa .
8–26 December 1917:
The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign :
Battle of Jerusalem – The
Ottomans are defeated by the British forces at the Battle of Jerusalem. The
British Army 's General
Allenby enters
Jerusalem on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph
Umar in 637.
1918: Forces of the
Arab Revolt enter
Damascus accompanied by
British troops , ending 400 years of Ottoman rule.
4 April 1918 – The first edition of the Hebrew-language
daily newspaper "
Haaretz " is published, sponsored by the British military government in Palestine.
[8]
June 1918 – First meeting between the
Zionist leader
Chaim Weizmann and the son of the
Sharif of Mecca
Hashemite
Prince Faisal , who led the Arab forces in the
Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the
First World War , which takes place in Faisal's headquarters in
Aqaba in an attempt to establish favourable relations between
Arabs and
Jews in the
Middle East .
14 July 1918 –
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
Battle of Abu Tellul
19 September–1 October 1918 –
Sinai and Palestine campaign :
Battle of Megiddo
23 September –
Sinai and Palestine campaign : British occupation of
Haifa is completed.
1 October 1918 –
Sinai and Palestine campaign : A combined Arab and British force occupy
Damascus .
3 October 1918 –
Sinai and Palestine campaign : The forces of the
Arab revolt led by
Prince Faysal enter Damascus.
[9] In 1920
Prince Faysal becomes the king of the
Arab Kingdom of Syria for a short period.
October 1918:
Sinai and Palestine campaign : The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign officially ends with the signing of the
Armistice of Mudros and, shortly thereafter, the
Ottoman Empire is dissolved .
Notable births
1853
1856
1858
1870
1874
1876
1880
1881
1882
1883
1885
Avraham Elmalih (b.
Jerusalem ), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli journalist, community leader, Zionist activist and Israeli politician (d. 1967).
1886
18 September –
Yehuda Burla (b.
Jerusalem ), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli educator and author (d. 1969).
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
13 August –
Gad Machnes (b.
Petah Tikva ), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician and businessman (d. 1954).
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1902
27 January –
Yosef Sapir (b.
Jaffa ), Palestinian Jewish politician and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1972).
2 February –
Eliyahu Sasson (b.
Damascus ), Palestinian Jewish politician and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1978).
1903
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
13 January –
Yehuda Tzadka (b.
Jerusalem ), Israeli rabbi (d. 1991).
15 April –
Bracha Zefira (b.
Jerusalem ), Israeli folk singer, songwriter, musicologist, and actress (d. 1990).
20 July –
Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (b.
Jerusalem ), Israeli Haredi rabbi (d. 1995).
5 October –
Avraham Nudelman (b.
Jaffa ), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli footballer (d. 1985).
Shoshana Shababo (b.
Zikhron Ya'akov ), Israeli writer (d. 1992).
Sara Levi-Tanai (b.
Jerusalem ), Israeli choreographer (d. 2005).
Tarab Abdul Hadi (b.
Jenin ), Palestinian Arab feminist activist (d. 1976).
Faras Hamdan (b.
Baqa al-Gharbiyye ), Israeli-Arab politician (d. 1966).
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
6 March –
Ruth Dayan (b.
Haifa ), Israeli social activist, founder of the
Maskit fashion house, and widow of Moshe Dayan (d. 2021).
21 March –
Yigael Yadin (b.
Jerusalem ), Israeli Jewish archeologist, military officer and cabinet minister (d. 1984).
17 May –
Tony Cliff (b.
Zikhron Ya'akov ), originally Yigael Gluckstein, Palestinian Jewish born
Trotskyite activist in Britain (d. 2000).
8 June –
David Coren (b.
Jerusalem ), Israeli Jewish politician (d. 2011).
17 July –
Yehoshua Zettler (b.
Kfar Saba ), senior member of Jewish paramilitary group,
Lehi , in
Mandate Palestine (d. 2009).
25 December –
Yigal Mossinson (b.
Ein Ganim ), Israeli novelist, playwright, and inventor (d. 1994).
1918
1919
References
^ Heller, Marvin (1 January 2001).
"Early Hebrew Printing from Lublin to Safed: The Journeys of Eliezer ben Isaac Ashkenazi" .
^ ROWLAND-SMITH, DIANA (1989).
"The Beginnings of Hebrew Printing in Egypt" . The British Library Journal . 15 (1): 16–22.
ISSN
0305-5167 .
JSTOR
42554269 .
^
Sbeinati, M.R., Darawcheh, R. & Mouty, M. 2005. The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Annals of Geophysics, 48, 347–435.
^
"Mishkenot Sha'ananim" . Archived from
the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2015 .
^
"History of the Hejaz Railway" .
^
" "The 1915 Locust Attack in Syria and Palestine and its Role in the Famine During the First World War," Middle Eastern Studies 51( 3) (2015): 370-394" . www.academia.edu .
^ Friedman, Isaiah (1971). German Intervention on Behalf of the "Yishuv", 1917, Jewish Social Studies , Vol. 33, pp. 23–43.
^
"TAU- Institute of Jewish Press and Communications- The Andrea and Charles Bronfman Center" . www.tau.ac.il . Archived from
the original on 15 January 2008.
^ Roberts, P.M., World War I, a Student Encyclopedia, 2006, ABC-CLIO, p.657