The Concordat of 1801 was an
agreement between the
First French Republic and the
Holy See, signed by First Consul
Napoleon Bonaparte and
Pope Pius VII on 15 July 1801 in
Paris.[1] It remained in effect until 1905, except in
Alsace–Lorraine, where it
remains in force. It sought national reconciliation between the
French Revolution and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored. This resolved the hostility of devout
French Catholics against the revolutionary state. It did not restore the vast Church lands and endowments that had been seized during the Revolution and sold off. Catholic clergy returned from exile, or from hiding, and resumed their traditional positions in their traditional churches. Very few parishes continued to employ the priests who had accepted the
Civil Constitution of the Clergy of the revolutionary regime. While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations tilted firmly in Bonaparte's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances.[2][3]
Bonaparte and the Pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by France, especially Italy and Germany.[4]
History
During the Revolution, the
National Assembly had taken Church properties and issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which made the Church a department of the state, effectively removing it from papal authority. At the time, the nationalised
Gallican Church was the official church of France, but it was essentially Catholicism. The Civil Constitution caused hostility among the
Vendeans towards the change in the relationship between the Catholic Church and the French government. Subsequent laws abolished the traditional
Gregorian calendar and Christian holidays.[5]
The Concordat was drawn up by a commission with three representatives from each party. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was
First Consul of the French Republic at the time, appointed
Joseph Bonaparte, his brother,
Emmanuel Crétet, a counselor of state, and
Étienne-Alexandre Bernier, a doctor in theology. Pope Pius VII appointed Cardinal
Ercole Consalvi, Cardinal
Giuseppe Spina,[6] archbishop of Corinth, and his theological adviser, Father Carlo Francesco Maria Caselli.[7] The French bishops, whether still abroad or returned to their own country, had no part in the negotiations. The concordat as finally arranged practically ignored them.[8]
While the Concordat restored some ties to the
papacy, it was largely in favour of the state; it wielded greater power vis-à-vis the Pope than previous French regimes had, and church lands lost during the Revolution were not returned. Napoleon took a utilitarian approach to the role of religion.[9] He could now win favour with French Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon once told his brother
Lucien in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them."[10] As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the
Organic Articles.
Contents
The main terms of the Concordat of 1801 between France and Pope Pius VII included:
A declaration that "Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the French" but not the official state religion, thus maintaining religious freedom, in particular with respect to Protestants.
The Papacy had the right to depose bishops; the French government still, since the
Concordat of Bologna in 1516, nominated them.
The state would pay clerical salaries and the clergy swore an oath of allegiance to the state.
The Catholic Church gave up all its claims to Church lands that were confiscated after 1790.
Sunday was reestablished as a "festival", effective
Easter Sunday, 18 April 1802. The rest of the
French Republican calendar, which had been abolished, was not replaced by the traditional Gregorian calendar until 1 January 1806.
According to
Georges Goyau, the law known as "The Organic Articles", promulgated in April 1802, infringed in various ways on the spirit of the concordat.[8] The document claimed Catholicism was "the religion of the majority of Frenchmen," and still gave state recognition to
Protestants and
Jews as well.
^Knight, Charles (1867).
"Pius VII". Biography: Or, Third Division of The English Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Bradbury, Evans & Company.
^Aston, Nigel (2000). Religion and revolution in France, 1780–1804. Catholic University of America Press. pp. 279–335.
^William, Roberts (1999). "Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and Its Consequences". In Coppa, Frank J. (ed.). Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler. pp. 34–80.
^Aston, Nigel (2002). Christianity and revolutionary Europe, 1750–1830. Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–62.
^Spina had been Papal Majordomo for Pius VI, and had followed him in his arrest and deportation to France in 1799. Salvador Miranda, Librarian Emeritus, Florida International University, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,
Spina, Giuseppe. Retrieved: 2016-07-30.
^Edwards, Bela Bates; Peters, Absalom; Agnew, John Holmes; Treat, Selah Burr (1840).
The American Biblical Repository. s.n. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Roberts, William. "Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and Its Consequences." in: Frank J. Coppa, ed., Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler (1999) pp: 34–80.
Walsh, Henry Horace. The Concordat of 1801: A Study of the Problem of Nationalism in the Relations of Church and State (Columbia University Press, 1933).