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One hundred years, from 901 to 1000
Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 10th century
The 10th century was the period from
901 (represented by the
Roman numerals CMI) through
1000 (M) in accordance with the
Julian calendar , and the last century of the
1st millennium .
In China, the
Song dynasty was established, with most of China reuniting after the fall of the
Tang dynasty and the following
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The
Muslim World experienced a
cultural zenith , especially in
al-Andalus under the
Caliphate of Córdoba and in the
Samanid Empire under
Ismail Samani . The
Abbasid Caliphate continued to exist but with reduced central authority. Additionally, there was a cultural flourishing for the
Byzantine Empire , which also reconquered some lost territories, and the
First Bulgarian Empire , as well as the
Holy Roman Empire during the
Ottonian Renaissance . The historian
Lynn White mentions of the period that "to the modern eye, it is very nearly the darkest of the
Dark Ages ... if it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb".
[1]
Caesar Baronius famously described it as the Iron Century, because it was ‘iron in its harshness and in its sterility of goodness', while
Lorenzo Valla gave it the similar name "Age of Lead and Iron".
[2] : 2
This statue of a
yogini goddess was created in Kaveripakkam in
Tamil Nadu ,
India , during the 10th century.
Buddhist temple construction commences at
Bagan ,
Burma
Seafarers and merchants from
Champa had contacts with Brunei and
Ma-i .
[4]
907 :
Zhu Quanzhong deposes
Emperor Ai of Tang and establishes a new
Later Liang dynasty.
907:
Sumbing volcano erupts, according to Rukam inscription.
China in 923, during the
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
907: King
Balitung creates the
Mantyasih inscription containing the list of
Mataram kings, moves the capital from Mamratipura to Poh Pitu, and expands Prambanan temple.
910 :
Parantaka I of the
Chola dynasty drives out the
Pandyan from southern
India into Lanka (now
Sri Lanka ), which he also eventually conquers.
914 : The
Warmadewa dynasty rules
Bali .
[5]
919 : the first use of
gunpowder in battle occurs with the Chinese
Battle of Langshan Jiang (Wolf Mountain River), where the
Wuyue naval fleet under
Qian Yuanguan defeats the
Wu fleet. Qian had used
flamethrowers ignited by gunpowder fuses to burn the Wu fleet.
928 :
Ziyarid dynasty is established in northern Iran.
928: During the reign of
King Wawa , the capital of
Mataram Kingdom in
Kewu Plain is devastated, probably by the massive eruption of
Mount Merapi .
929 :
Mpu Sindok moves the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Kewu Plain in
Central Java to Tamwlang in
East Java and establishes
Isyana dynasty . The shift is probably as a result of the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from
Srivijaya .
[6]
930s :
Persian
Shia
Buyid dynasty establishes and controls central and western part of
Iran as well as most of
Iraq .
936 :
Goryeo dynasty unifies
Later Three Kingdoms of Korea .
937 :
Mpu Sindok moves the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of
Brantas River in modern
Jombang in
East Java .
960 :
Zhao Kuangyin establishes
Song dynasty .
960:
Seljuks convert to Islam.
965 :
Khazar kingdom is attacked and defeated by
Kievan Rus .
971 :
Song dynasty recorded the ancient sovereign state of
Ma-i on the list of states conducting trade in the south seas and the government's efforts to regulate and tax this "luxurious" trade.
975 :
Ghaznavids dynasty, as the first
Turk
Sultanate , was established in
Central Asia .
979 : Song dynasty reunites China.
980 : Dynastic marriage between princess
Mahendradatta of Javanese
Isyanas and king
Udayana of Balinese
Warmadewas .
Coastal cities on the
Malay Peninsula are the seed for the first recorded
Malay
kingdoms .
990 : King
Dharmawangsa of Mataram kingdom launches a naval invasion on
Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya. (to 1006)
990:
Airlangga , son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali.
996 : Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of the
Mahabharata into
Old Javanese .
[7]
999 :
Samanid dynasty was defeated and conquered by
Ghaznavids .
The Bulgarian victory at
Anchialos .
Viking groups settle in northern France.
The Hungarian army destroys the Bavarian forces under duke Liutpold and king
Louis the Child in the
Battle of Pressburg . All the German force is annihilated.
Foundation of
Cluny , first federated
monastic order.
Emperor
Simeon the Great solidifies the
First Bulgarian Empire as one of the most powerful states in Europe.
Incursions of
Magyar (Hungarian) cavalry throughout Western Europe (47 expeditions in
Germany ,
Italy and
France ,
899 –
970 ).
Collapse of
Great Moravia .
Lions become extinct in Europe by this date, with the last dying in
Caucasus .
907 : Loire Vikings overrun
Brittany ; Breton court flees to the
England of
Edward the Elder .
911 : The Viking
Rollo granted
County of Rouen by
France : official foundation of
Normandy .
917 : (20 August 917) the
Bulgarians destroyed the Byzantine army in the
Battle of Anchialus , one of the bloodiest battles in the Middle Ages.
927 : official recognition of the first independent national Church in Europe, the
Bulgarian Patriarchate .
Political divisions within England, 10th century.
927:
Kingdom of England becomes a unified state.
c.
936 :
Gorm the Old becomes the first recognized king of
Denmark , and thus the Danish Monarchy is founded.
936:
Alan II , with support from
Æthelstan , commences the reconquest of
Brittany .
955 :
The Battle of Lechfeld (10 August 955) sees a decisive victory for
Otto I the Great, King of the Germans, over the Hungarian harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél (Lehel) and Súr.
966 :
Mieszko I , first duke of
Poland , baptised a Christian.
968 :
Battle of Silistra between Kievan Rus and Bulgars.
985 –
986 : The
Norseman
Erik the Red begins the colonisation of
Greenland .
925 : The medieval Croatian state becomes a
unified kingdom under King
Tomislav
988 :
Vladimir I , Prince of
Kievan Rus' , baptised a Christian
c.
1000 : Establishment of the
Eastern Settlement and
Western Settlement in
Greenland .
Second half of the 10th century: Page with David the Psalmist, from the
Paris Psalter , is made. It is now kept at
Bibliothéque Nationale ,
Paris .
Late 10th or early 11th century: The
Archangel Michael icon, is made. It is now kept at the
Treasury of the Cathedral of Saint Mark ,
Venice .
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Earliest known representation of a gun (a
fire lance ) and a
grenade (upper right), from the cave murals of
Dunhuang , China, 10th century.
^ Quoted in The Tenth Century: How Dark the Dark Ages? , edited by Robert Sabatino Lopez. Holt, Rinehart and Winston: 1959.
^ Barrow, Julia. "Authority and Reform. Historiographical Frameworks for Understanding Tenth and Eleventh-Century Bishops." The Medieval Low Countries 6 (2019): 9-25.
^ E. Mann, Michael (2009).
"Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly" (PDF) . Science . 326 (5957): 1257.
Bibcode :
2009Sci...326.1256M .
doi :
10.1126/science.1177303 .
PMID
19965474 . Retrieved 26 August 2022 .
^
"Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE" . Maritime Asia .
^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52
^ Spuler, Bertold; F.R.C. Bagley (31 December 1981).
The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4 . Brill Archive. p. 252.
ISBN
978-90-04-06196-5 .
^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.51
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