December 6 –
Béla I (the Champion) is crowned king of
Hungary after his nephew,
Solomon is deprived of the crown. He is supported by Duke
Bolesław II (the Generous) – who helps him (with Polish troops) to obtain the Hungarian throne.[7][8][9]
Summer – Norman forces led by Duke
Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger I invade
Sicily. They land unseen during the night and surprise the
Saracen army. Guiscard conquers
Messina and marches into central Sicily.
Spring –
Coup of Kaiserswerth: The 11-year-old King
Henry IV is abducted, as a result of a conspiracy of German
nobles led by
Anno II, archbishop of
Cologne. Henry's education and training is supervised by Anno, who acts as his
regent and is called his magister (his "master" or "teacher"). Empress
Agnes of Poitou (Henry's mother) resigns the throne, and Anno with the archbishops
Siegfried I and
Adalbert of Hamburg takes her place.[18]
Summer – King
Ferdinand I (the Great) conquers more territory in modern-day
Portugal and captures
Coimbra. He appoints
Sisnando Davides to reorganise the economy and administer the lands encircling the city.
Duke
William I (the Bastard) demands the release of Harold Godwinson from Guy I (after a
ransom being paid). Harold must swear an oath to aid William to the throne of
England.
Kings
Harald Hardrada of
Norway and
Sweyn II of Denmark agree to a peace agreement. Harald turns his attentions to England where he believes he has a right to the throne.
Guest Star: There is a “guest star” event reported in ancient Chinese records. It happened in 1065 BP, and may be related to the Strottner-Drechsler Object 20 nebula.[31]
Chinese imperial official
Sima Guang presents the emperor with an eight-volume Tongzhi (通志; "Comprehensive Records"), chronicling Chinese history from 403 BCE to the end of the Qin dynasty in 207 BCE. The emperor then issues an edict for the compilation of Guang's
universal history of China, allocating funds for the costs of compilation and research assistants such as Liu Ban, Liu Shu and Fan Zuyu.[32]
The
Abu Hanifa Mosque is established in
Baghdad, when the Grand Vizier of the
Seljuk Empire, Abu Saad al-Khwarizmi or al-Mustawfi, builds a shrine for Abu Hanifa near his tomb.[33]
December 30 –
Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in
Granada, crucifies the Jewish vizier Yusuf ibn Naghrela, and massacres most of the Jewish population.[34]
January 6 – Harold Godwinson (Harold II) is crowned king of England, probably in the new
Westminster Abbey, where Edward the Confessor's funeral took place not long before the coronation.[38]
October 6 – Harold II marches south from
Stamford Bridge (near
York) to counter the threat of the invasion by William. Reaching London within five days, he leaves a short time later. After a two-day march he and his army reach
Caldbec Hill.
October 14 –
Battle of Hastings: William and Harold II meet in battle at Hastings. Although Harold has the superior position on the battlefield, he is defeated and killed by William, invading England.
October 15 –
Edgar Ætheling is proclaimed king of England (but is never crowned). He is soon forced to submit to the rule of William the Conqueror.
December – William the Conqueror moves along the south coast to
Dover, and builds fortifications in the existing castle at the top of the cliffs. He moves to
Canterbury and finally enters London. Archbishop
Stigand and other English leaders submit to William's rule. On
December 25, he is crowned as King William I of England in Westminster Abbey over Edward the Confessor's grave.
Eric and Eric, two pretenders to the Swedish throne, are both killed during the struggle for power in
Sweden.
Halsten, son of the late King
Stenkil, becomes the new ruler.
Odo of Bayeux, a half-brother of William I, is appointed
Earl of Kent and becomes William's deputy (or de facto regent) in
England. His wealth and land become considerable.
Winter – William I marches on
Exeter, which he besieges. The city holds out for 18 days, and after its fall William builds
Rougemont Castle there to secure the region.
Winchester Castle in
Hampshire is founded by William I; it is later one of the seats of government of the Norman kings ruling England.[43]
Autumn – Romanos IV begins a campaign against the
Seljuk Turks, leading a Byzantine expeditionary force (which is in poor condition). He is successful in recapturing the fortress city of
Hieropolis (modern-day
Manbij) near
Aleppo in northern
Syria.[46]
Winter – Romanos IV leaves a portion of his army as a rearguard at
Melitene. The Byzantine garrison fails to check a Seljuk raid that manages to sack
Amorium (penetrating deep in Byzantine territory). Romanos winters near Aleppo before returning to
Constantinople.[47]
Kiev Uprising: The city of
Kiev rebels against Iziaslav I, in the aftermath of the Kievan Rus' defeat against the Cumans.
Rethra destruction: In
Annals of Augsburg the slavic city is mentioned for the last time under the year 1068. It was captured by bishop
Burchard, who destroyed their temple and abducted the sacred white horse living there.[48]
Spring – Emperor
Yi Zong of the
Western Xia (or Xi Xia) dies after a 19-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son
Hui Zong, who assumes the throne (until
1086).
May 22 – Emperor
Go-Reizei dies after a 23-year reign, leaving no direct heirs to the throne. He is succeeded by his brother
Go-Sanjō as the 71st emperor of
Japan.
Seljuk forces under
Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine rear guard and advance deep into
Cappadocia and
Lycaonia. They plunder at will, but fail to capture the city of
Iconium. Romanos retreats and returns to
Constantinople. Alp Arslan takes advantage of Romanos' retreat and captures
Manzikert. He recaptures the strategical fortress cities of Chliat and
Van, consolidating his control over the Lake Van region.[50]
Europe
Spring – Romanos IV sends a Byzantine fleet (supported with an army) to relieve the siege of
Bari. The Normans under
Robert Guiscard defeat the Byzantines, and occupy the cities of
Gravina and
Obbiano in
Apulia.
King
Sweyn II of Denmark lands a fleet in the
Humber in support of the Northumbrian rebels and they join him to burn York, attacking its two castles and destroying the old
Minster.[51]
Winter of 1069–1070 –
Harrying of the North: King
William the Conqueror quells rebellions made by his English subjects against his rule, campaigning through the north of
England with his forces, burning houses, crops, cattle and land from
York to
Durham, resulting in the deaths of over 100,000 people, mainly from starvation and winter cold.[52]
^Oksanen, Eljas (2012).
"Appendix I: Timeline". Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066-1216. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 257.
ISBN9780521760997.
^Blewitt, Octavian (1853).
"Chapter 16: Chronological Tables". Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy: Being a Guide for the Continental Portion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Including the City of Naples and Its Suburbs, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Vesuvius, the Islands of the Bay of Naples, and That Portion of the Papal States, Which Lies Between the Contorni of Rome and the Neapolitan Frontier. London, Paris and Florence: John Murray. pp. lxxix.
^Via, Anthony P. (2017).
"Tancred of Hauteville, Son of". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Revivals. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 1069.
ISBN9781351664431.
^Ning, Chia (2016).
"Dynastic histories". In Dillon, Michael (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese History. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 170.
ISBN9781317817161.
^Sung, Chia-fu (2016-11-29). "An Ambivalent Historian: Ouyang Xiu and His New Histories". T'oung Pao. 102 (4–5): 358–406.
doi:
10.1163/15685322-10245P03.
ISSN0082-5433.
^Saint Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury) (2008).
"Introduction: Anselm's Life and Works". In Davies, Brian; G. R., Evans (eds.). Anselm of Canterbury: The Major Works. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii.
ISBN9780199540082.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [35].
JSTOR3679149.
^Gaufredo, Malaterra. "Chapter 33, The Battle of Cerami". De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis et Roberti Guiscardi Ducis fratris eius. Vol. 2.
^Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 13.
ISBN88-8289-529-7.
^Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. p. 31.
ISBN1-86064-061-3.
^Izz al-Din ibn al'Athir, The Annals of the Saljuq Turks, transl. D.S. Richards, (Routledge, 2002), p. 151.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
^Baynes, T.S. (2008). Anni, Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 72.
^David Nicolle (2013). Osprey: Manzikert 1071: The breaking of Byzantium, p. 20.
ISBN978-1-78096-503-1.
^Anales de Tlatelolco, Rafael Tena INAH–CONACULTA 2004, p. 55.
^John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – The Choice of Emperor, p. 343.
ISBN0-394-53779-3.
^Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 132.
ISBN978-184884-215-1.
^Derek Keene; Alexander R. Rumble (1985). Survey of Medieval Winchester. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–2.
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, p. 24. Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876)
^John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – The Choice of Emperor, p. 344.
ISBN0-394-53779-3.
^Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert – Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 133.
ISBN978-1-84884-215-1.
^George Finlay (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, p. 34. William Blackwood & Sons.
^Schmidt, Roderich (2009). Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Pommern. Böhlau. pp. 75–76.
ISBN978-3-412-20436-5.
^Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, p. 35. William Blackwood & Sons.
^Carey, Brian Todd (2012). Road to Manzikert – Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 134.
ISBN978-1-84884-215-1.
^
abcPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 52–53.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^"Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
^Nguyen The Anh (1989). "Le Nam tien dans les textes Vietnamiens". In Lafont, P. B. (ed.). Les frontieres du Vietnam. Paris: Edition l’Harmattan.
^Browning, Charles Henry (1969) [1883].
"Pedigree XCVII". Americans of Royal Descent: Collection of Genealogies Showing the Lineal Descent from Kings of Some American Families ... (Seventh ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 425.
ISBN9780806300542.
^Butler, Alban (1798).
"St. Aibert, Recluse". The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints Compiled from Original Monuments and Other Authentic Records. Vol. IV (Third ed.). Edinburgh, London and Newcastle: J. Moir. p. 76.
^Sausseret, Paul (1854).
"XXXV: Apparition a Saint Aibert, reclus". Apparitions et révélations de la Très Sainte Vierge depuis l'origine du Christianisme à nos jours (in French). Paris, France: Vivès. p. 162.
^Mostow, Joshua S. (1996).
"Poem 75". Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 363.
ISBN9780824817053.
^Blair, Heather (2016-07-25). "Ladylike Religion: Ritual and Agency in the Life of an Eleventh-Century Japanese Noblewoman". History of Religions. 56 (1): 1–22.
doi:
10.1086/686745.
ISSN0018-2710.
S2CID163874345.
^Keynes, Simon (1997).
"Giso, Bishop of Wells". In Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies XIX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1996. Woodbridge, England: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 221.
ISBN9780851157078.
^Huyghebaert, N.-N.; Huyghebaert, N.-M. (1969). "Origines et rapports des deux monastères brugeois de Saint-Barthélemy de l'Eeckhout et de Saint-Trond". Augustiniana. 19 (1/2): 257–290.
ISSN0004-8003.
JSTOR44992193. En cet endroit un certain Everelme avait adopté la vie anachorétique en l'an 1048 et y avait persévéré douze ans; il y avait reçu la sépulture dans la petite chapelle, le 4 octobre de l'an 1060.
^Grundmann, Herbert (December 1964). "Deutsche Eremiten, Einsiedler und Klausner im Hochmittelalter (10.-12. Jahrhundert)". Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. 45 (1): 60–90.
doi:
10.7788/akg-1964-4505.
ISSN0003-9233.
S2CID165337423. Erst neuerdings wurde ein alter Grabstein wiederaufgefunden", dessen Inschrift besagt, daß ein anadiorita Everelmus zwölf Jahre lang auf einer Flußinsel bei Brügge lebte und dort 1060 starb.
^Aird, William M. (2011).
"Chapter 2: The Dutiful Son". Robert 'Curthose', Duke of Normandy (C. 1050-1134). Woodbridge, England and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 31.
ISBN9781843836605.
^Bak, János M. (1998), "Roles and Functions of Queens in Árpádian and Angevin Hungary (1000–1386 A.D.)", in Parsons, John Carmi (ed.), Medieval Queenship, Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 13–24,
doi:
10.1007/978-1-137-08859-8_2,
ISBN9781137088598
^Sjöberg, Anders (1982-01-01). "Pop Upir' Lichoj and the Swedish rune-carver Ofeigr Upir". Scando-Slavica. 28 (1): 109–124.
doi:
10.1080/00806768208600815.
ISSN0080-6765.
^Jinsheng, Zheng; Kirk, Nalini; Buell, Paul D.; Unschuld, Paul U. (2018).
Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu. Vol. 3: Persons and Literary Sources. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 326.
ISBN9780520291973.
^Wei, Shang (1994). "Prisoner and Creator: The Self-Image of the Poet in Han Yu and Meng Jiao". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews. 16: 19–40.
doi:
10.2307/495305.
ISSN0161-9705.
JSTOR495305.
^Creber, Alison (2019-04-22). "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany". German History. 37 (2): 149–171.
doi:
10.1093/gerhis/ghy108.
ISSN0266-3554.
^Thompson, Kathleen (1985-01-01). "Family and influence to the south of Normandy in the eleventh century: the lordship of Bellême". Journal of Medieval History. 11 (3): 215–226.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(85)90025-9.
ISSN0304-4181.
^Vladimir Braginskii (2014). Classical Civilisations of South East Asia: An Anthology of Articles Published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 598.
ISBN9781136848797.
^Vasilka Tăpkova-Zaimova (2018). Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and Their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition. Brill. p. 167.
ISBN9789004352995.